Tajikistan civil war (1992-1997) Research Paper

Professional Development Plan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Proficient Development Plan - Term Paper Example Proficient Development Plan My instructive life was at first like that of some other student. Grade school and secondary school instruction was like that of some other students. My advantage, be that as it may, was situated in technical disciplines. I wanted to comprehend the working of the human body and what causes sickness. My inclination slants me to thinking about individuals, so observing individuals endure truly influences me. I am a firm devotee that if all individuals cooperated to help the individuals who are less lucky, the world would be progressively tenable for all. Enthusiasm for sciences guided me to take part in science clubs and exercises all through my rudimentary and secondary school training. I likewise effectively took an interest in the emergency treatment society at my school. The individuals took an interest in network administration. Network administration has been a noteworthy piece of my learning life. At whatever point openings introduced themselves, I discovered this experience edifying. I am right now seeking after a nursing profession, and I have a partner degree which helped me understand the viewpoints that nursing joins. Over the span of study, I had the option to get involvement with tending to genuine patient circumstances. My objectives are, notwithstanding, centered around propelling my nursing profession past my present capabilities. There are a few alternatives that I could seek after, and in that capacity, guarantee a beneficial profession that not exclusively is satisfying, yet in addition good for the general public. In making arrangements for my nursing vocation, I have gone to the acknowledgment that following a course without arranging is equal to profession self destruction.

Importance Of Speaking And Listening Across The Curriculum Education Essay

Significance Of Speaking And Listening Across The Curriculum Education Essay Richards and Rodgers (2001) propose that there are basically four strategies for encouraging which are talking, tuning in, perusing and composing. A viable instructor accomplishes a decent harmony between these four strategies all through their exercises. As talking and listening are two of Richards and Rodgers (2001) strategies for educating, it is clear that all instructors need to remember talking and tuning in for their exercises (DES, 1975 refered to in Corson, 1990). Education includes the coordination of talking, tuning in and basic speculation with perusing and composing (Wray, 2001, pg12). Proficiency is the arrangement of abilities which permits a person to connect completely in the public eye and in learning, through the various types of language, and the scope of writings, which society esteems and finds valuable Proficiency can take numerous structures including numerical articulations, sites, charts, logical images, signs, non-verbal communication and kid's shows (Paterson, 2007). Talking and listening are inherently interlinked since there is no advantage to talking in the event that it isn't being tuned in to, regardless of whether that implies tuning in to oneself. Talking can happen in an assortment of ways inside the study hall. These principally incorporate addressing, pair work, communitarian bunch work or entire class conversations. Each of these is fit to various undertakings or circumstances and the accomplishment of the action relies upon the arranging aptitudes of the educator (Capel et al, 2009). As far as how the talking starts, arranged talk or addressing is bound to bring about an instructive conversation as more readiness will have occurred. Accidental talk whenever during an exercise can be similarly as helpful yet can likewise more effectively lead to sit visit (Capel et al, 2009). Listening is regularly considered as an expertise which is exceptionally hard to consummate (Lewis and Graham, 2003). Wragg and Brown (2001) express that there are four distinct sorts of tuning in; these are skim, overview, search and study. They accept the kinds of listening territory from little attention to attempting to scan for the fundamental importance of what is being said. The explanations behind these four kinds of listening could be because of the measure of data which can be passed on through discourse and the test of the audience handling this data (Capel et al, 2009, Wragg and Brown, 2001). With the end goal for proficiency to be instructed viably there should be some consistency over the educational plan (Paterson, 2007). Proficiency ought not simply be the obligation of the English division, as it applies to all learning and subjects can't be instructed adequately without talking and tuning in. For instance, to get a passing mark in a test or exposition requires the understudy to have a decent comprehension of proficiency (DfES, 2003). The Department for Education and Skills (2003), additionally expresses that for there to be compelling proficiency system over the school there should be a typical structure which empowers all subjects to cooperate to accomplish the shared objective. All subjects need to have similar principles to guarantee consistency. The National Literacy Trust (2010) express that each school needs to have a proficiency co-ordinator who ought to be liable for giving preparing, perceiving the requirements of different subjects and creating educator certainty and energy. It is significant that instructors have the right sentiment with respect to the consideration of proficiency in all subjects guaranteeing that they view perusing or talking out loud as ways for understudies to learn subject substance as opposed to simply producing extra outstanding burden (Paterson, 2007). Albeit maybe taking more time to design than different exercises, talking and listening undertakings could really spare the instructor time as understudies can assume liability for some free learning and inventive reasoning, which can be followed up by bunch conversation or addressing. To guarantee that the talking and tuning in inside the study hall is significant and viable, it is essential to ensure that an assortment of inquiries are arranged ahead of time and these inquiries are planned for contrasting capacities to guarantee that all understudies approach the educational plan (Capel et al, 2009). Open inquiries ought to be utilized to improve comprehension of understudies information as they require a progressively itemized and far reaching answer. All through the exercise a few students ought to be focused as it is a decent method to survey their degree of comprehension. Another region which ought to be considered is understudy reaction time as certain understudies may take more time to react not on the grounds that they don't have the foggiest idea about the appropriate response they could simply be pondering it (Corson, 1990, Capel et al, 2009). There are a few preferences and hindrances to including conversations inside a homeroom. A few points of interest are that instructors can get a progressively nitty gritty comprehension of an understudies cognizance of a specific branch of knowledge or theme. Fassinger (1995) examines how talking and listening can conjure focus, keep understudies included and is a demonstrated certainty developer. In any case, a detriment is that the instructor would be unconscious of where the conversation would wind up and it could go off course. Educators likewise need to take care to stay away from touchy issues with open conversations (Capel et al, 2009). Some portion of the job of an educator is to give understudies input on their work to assist them with learning and grow further (Murphy, 1997). In any case, the appraisal of an understudy dependent on talking and listening alone can be troublesome basically in light of the fact that it is burdensome to prove (Brooks, 2002). For instance if the understudy was generally peaceful and didn't state a lot of the instructor may accept that they are not accomplishing their objectives. A lot of talking inside an appraisal could imply that the discussion has gotten progressively broad and the understudy could be gabbing however not covering a subject top to bottom. Taking everything into account, having education aptitudes permits individuals to associate with our general public. Richards and Rodgers (2001) express that there are four strategies to educating; talking and listening represent half of these techniques. There are a wide range of manners by which talking and listening can be utilized inside the study hall to raise and measure accomplishment and comprehension.

The Consumer Electronics Industry And Apple Company Marketing Essay

The Consumer Electronics Industry And Apple Company Marketing Essay With the worldwide economy boosting quickly and nonstop advancement of high and new innovation, the opposition of purchaser electronic industry is getting increasingly extreme. Rely upon the greetings tech, buyer gadgets makers can push forward the efficiency (Robert G., 2009), consistent build up the assortments of customer hardware, improve nature of item and administration to meet shopper evolving needs (Jeffrey, 2006), make a superior fulfilled life and change the general public profoundly. Before, customers have just somewhat decision in the buyers hardware due to there were not have numerous makers in this industry, shoppers feel effectively to choose in buying choice procedure (Ralph, 2011), yet purchasers are overpowered by an excessive number of decisions now. As the customer hardware advertisers have acknowledged in encountering the severe reality that its more troublesome and intricacy than any time in recent memory to beat the contenders, so extraordinary is the concern of being closed out of this developing business sector for worldwide advertisers of buyer gadgets. Under this market foundation, the developing job of advertising is to be seen. Advertising is about business makes purchasers enthusiasm for items and administrations to the correct cost and spot at the ideal time (Philip Kotler, 2009). Promoting is identifying with understanding the requirements needs of customers and discovering approaches to offer items administrations which shopper fulfillment (Adcok, 2001). Promoting as a procedure for assembling, conveying, conveying and trading that offer some incentive for buyers (Hochbaum, 2011). The showcasing targets addressing the requirements of buyers and shopper fulfillment as an end-result of business benefit (Mohan, 2005). The hypothesis of promoting is improved step by step, the effective showcasing is basic to any advertisers to succeed (Schultz, 2006). Along these lines, for being accomplishment of showcasing as a training, it tends to be made out of a coordination of four or seven jobs called promoting blend and furthermore is called 4Ps or 7Ps (Chekitan, 2005). Promoting blend as a helpful system is that portrays and chooses how advertisers driven purchaser conduct to increase upper hands (Dennis, 2001). Advertisers utilize this training to attempt to make the ideal reactions in the objective market by intensifying factors in an ideal technique (Keller, 2012). Progressively buyer gadgets advertisers are likewise step by step aware of keeping up their reasonable upper hand to showcasing by make an interpretation of their fundamental beliefs into a sane promoting blend system to impact on shopper buying choice (Levinson, 2007), so during the time spent advertising, the job of promoting blend are turning out to be more significance than any other time in recent memory (Halborg, 2002). These days, customer hardware advertisers endeavor hard to run their showcasing situation with the correct promoting blend which will empower them to cultivate a solid and maintainable upper hand (Schnnaars, 1997), additionally, they are likewise endeavoring to come out with sophisticates, successful and forceful advertising blend are utilized to drive buyer practices to accomplish goal of advertising (Meerman, 2011). In spite of advertising has own a wide range of definitions, yet regardless, to put it plainly, they all attempt to lucidity the embodiment of showcasing is tied in with meeting the needs or needs of customers (Yelland, 2000). On the off chance that advertisers need to straightforwardly determined buyer buying conduct in promoting, the reason is that they should figure out what the periods of shopper purchasing dynamic procedure while purchasing an item (Blackwell, 2005) and which the central point are influencing customer buy conduct in each period of this purchasing procedure. In other word, advertisers must to know the socioeconomics of their customers and request inclination (Rakesh, 2006). In this manner, showcasing as the board procedure, which items and administrations move from idea to the purchaser (Caroline, 2003), it is a shopper centered promoting that drives the whole market. Purchaser is a key to all advertising exercises (Moreno, 2010). Seeing how customer conduct when they remembering it, scanning for, buying to utilize, assessing it and expected fulfilling will makes powerful and accessible showcasing blend (Christensen, 1998). There are a wide range of complex elements intently joined with advertising, however can precisely gauge shopper practices subsequently create powerful promoting blend to drive the factors that accomplish wanted result in accordance with the idea of showcasing where purchasers are fulfilled and advertisers meets their goals( Clayton, 1999). Also, when advertisers comprehend their objective market, it is no doubt their upper hands will be conveyed to their right objective market and change buyer conduct by showcasing blend (Deborah J. 2012), bringing about a normal last deals. In the interim, theres more than one point of view to state is that customer conduct is an investigation of individuals and it tends to be utilized to make showcasing blend structure that as an advertising apparatus to accomplish target portions (Harper Boyd, 2007). Subsequently when the promoting blend and purchasers practices are mediated, advertisers will have the option to accomplishment in their showcasing and higher benefits in industry advertise and reasonable serious to future promoting improvement (Baker, 2008). Notwithstanding, experience has instructed us that because of the critical contrasts exist in the connection between purchasers segment factors and their impression of promoting blend in showcasing strategy (Michael, 2007). Along these lines, influence working in this relationship can be profoundly testing. Against this foundation depicted over, the Apple will fill in as a contextual investigation to see how advertising will fruitful drive purchaser conduct by their showcasing blend, this examination with investigate a connection between parts of promoting about the Apple advertising blend and buyers decision of the Apple item dependent on impacts of segment factors. With the advertising blend and shoppers discernment for Apple item, the impacts of promoting on customer practices can be comprehend. The enthusiasm for this examination will base on the expanded consideration toward Singapore. Macintosh is a global undertaking that makes shopper gadgets, PC programming and business administration, their center product offerings are the iPhone, iPad, iPod music players, Macintosh line of PCs, programming and iTunes media program (Kuester, 2009). For the time being, Apple is one of the universes biggest mechanical buyer gadgets firm and the pioneers of purchaser electronic industry by drove an innovative advancement (Neal Goldsten, 2012), Apples center item had a huge piece of the overall industry in current shopper electronic market. Apple is notable for its fruitful advertising with powerful showcasing blend, in this digitalize tide (Homburg, 2007), shopper gadgets producers make an incentive in the psyche of their buyers, however the view of significant worth is emotional and what purchasers esteem this year might be very unique in relation to what they esteem one year from now (Tyson, 2011). Confronting this increasingly wild serious market, Apple despite everything can effectively examination the following flood of pattern and handle the ceaseless difference in customer inclinations unfailingly. It is dreadfully unusual: how Apple to drive their showcasing with the correct advertising blend system which will empower them to turned into the present universes most important organization by utilized in various phases of shopper purchasing dynamic procedure, how the impacts of Apple promoting on purchaser conduct? the reasons why Apple is extremely fruitful vital insider facts of promoting are as yet a secret to individuals, however one thing of which can be certain is that it didnt occur without any forethought. This examination endeavors to find that in a fruitful promoting, if there is a higher impacts connection between buyer conduct and advertising blend dependent on segment factors. Through break down the customers conduct and recognition for showcasing of Apple in Singapore, to comprehend what advertising factors effects on purchaser buying choice and how promoting blend can change shopper practices. I am taking a few center results of Apple, iPhone, iPad, iPod, Macintosh line of PCs, programming and iTunes media program are included regarding this matter research, for what reason is Apple beats most different organizations? How they effective actualize the promoting? How are these items turning into a market driving position? What causes buyers to go for these items? 1.2 Rationale The method of reasoning is choosing the Apple rather than others of many. Right off the bat, as my exploration is Apple focused as opposed to customer gadgets industry, in light of the fact that various organizations have various impacts of promoting on buyers purchasing conduct by various advertising blend system, yet can all the more likely comprehend the way toward showcasing through my examination. The subsequent explanation is that solitary use center item won't widen the extent of my examination, this will profit by information search that can be effectively acquired. Macintosh headed out to get a PC in the hands of regular and exceptional of items prevailing past others. With the presentation of the iPod in 2001, Apple effective built up itself as an innovator in the buyer hardware advertise (Kumar, 2011), and moves a solitary zone of PC from another bearing (Napier, 2010). After these, the achievement of the iPad has undercut conventional idea of in PC advertise once more (Schneider, 2011). Since 2007, Apple Inc. has distributed the portable result of iPhone that it is mean the touch screen has risen and a genuine cell phone war has started in the versatile world (LaMarche, 2011). Moreover, the iTunes achievement changes music industry when Apple turned out it for the majority in 2003 (Jantsch, 2010). Scarcely any organizations can upset an industry just with a solitary item is propelled, yet Apple whose history is loaded up with such innovative world-evolving minutes. The third explanation behind utilizing Apple as a case

10 Salary Negotiation Mistakes to Avoid

10 Salary Negotiation Mistakes to Avoid Money is not the easiest topics for having a conversation. Things can get even trickier when the conversation is about your salary. For many, talking about this is a discussion they’d rather avoid.The statistics speak this loud and clear. According to Glassdoor, 59% of employees accept the salary they are being offered without ever negotiating it. But perhaps the worse statistics is how only one in ten employees managed to successfully negotiate a salary. Therefore, even when you break the first barrier, you might hit a brick wall.The reason many fail to negotiate salary successfully is down to a few key mistakes people make. You can boil these down to ten most common and devastating mistakes in terms of salary success. So, let’s look at the ten mistakes you must avoid when negotiating your salary.1. NOT NEGOTIATING YOUR SALARY OFFERThe biggest mistake you can make is to not negotiate. Getting a job offer is exciting â€" your hard work is about to pay off and you’re finally get ting that job you want. But in all that excitement, you might end up making a bad mistake and simply agreeing to whatever the employer is suggesting. Similarly, you might be in your job, have added responsibilities and still stick to the same salary you’ve always had for months on end. It’s not that employers are actively looking to screw you over. Indeed, according to a Creative Group study, over 60% of executives are prepared to negotiate the initial offer they make to an employee. Furthermore, you should remember the business will always look for its own interests and sometimes they might simply forget to consider certain benefits outright. You need to be sure you know just what you’re settling for and never settle for a deal that isn’t actually worth it. Studies show that people who don’t negotiate their salaries tend to end up earning less in the long run! Indeed, one study has said those who don’t negotiate might lose up to $600,000 over the course of their working lives. You can seriously hurt your earning potential later down the line and if you end up with less than adequate pay, you might even feel a lack of motivation at work.How to avoid this mistake?There are two important things you must do in order to avoid this mistake. Prior to getting an offer, you should have an idea of what your worth is. Use a salary calculator or follow our guides to get a good grasp of what you should be getting. Have a lowest acceptable limit in mind and think about the other benefits that might make you feel happy to accept a job offer, even if the salary isn’t quite what you want.The second component is to simply stay calm and automatically ask the employer for time to go over the deal. You need the response of, “Thank you so much for the offer. I can’t wait to go over the deal and then get back to you,” come out of your mouth in a heartbeat. 2. FOCUSING ONLY ON YOUR SIDE OF THE ARGUMENTYou will have to fight your corner and stay strong when it com es to salary negotiations. But you have to remember you’re not the only party in this conversation and the employer also has reasons for suggesting specific figures.You are making a huge mistake if you appear to be inflexible and if you focus only on what you want to get out of the discussion. Just talking about your demands won’t get you very far â€" in fact, it’s going to help you get a better deal if you focus also on what the company can get out of the negotiations. Negotiations always involve two sides and understanding the other argument can make it easier for you to argue your case. By knowing what the pain points for the employer might be in terms of salary, you can put their minds at ease by answering them directly.How to avoid making this mistake?You should research the employer and know a few things. You should:Be aware of the kind of salaries and compensation packages they generally offer. It’s unlikely they would give you a very different deal to anyone else.Kno w what kind of financial situation the company currently ask. Demanding a high pay when the company seems to be laying off staff, for example, might seem inappropriate and impossible for the company to fulfill. If you focus on those two points, you get a better understanding of what the employer might be willing and able to pay. You need to remember to stay realistic and flexible.3. OVERLOOKING THE IMPORTANCE OF PROPER RESEARCHThe basis of negotiating and doing so successfully is all about research. You’re making a huge mistake if you get into the negotiations without researching:Average salaries in that roleAverage salaries in the companyYour actual worth and valueBenefits and perks aside from the salaryYou can lose out on a proper salary by simply throwing random figures in the air and then settling for whatever you think is good. If the employer notices that you don’t know what you’re talking about and what the market conditions are, then they can give you a bad deal â€" or get second thoughts about hiring someone with such lack of preparation.How to avoid this mistake?You have a range of online tools available to conduct research on those all-important points mentioned above. You can find salary and company information from sites like:Indeed.comSalary.comRandstad.caMonster.comPayScale.comYou should also look at the company website and the job profiles to ensure you understand the responsibilities and tasks you need to perform in the role. Finally, it can be helpful to talk to your network and get their perspectives on the company, the current salary markets and your talent. 4. MAKING HASTY DECISIONS TO ACCEPT OR TO DECLINE THE OFFERJust as it can be tempting to overlook the negotiations altogether, you might also feel like you have to make your decision or counteroffer quickly. Rushing your decision to accept or to reject the salary can seem tempting but it would be another big mistake.Accepting a salary is a big decision â€" it can have a huge impac t on your career. You don’t want to make the decision in haste only to regret it later. As mentioned, it could hurt your future earning potential, damage your career progress, and ruin your motivation.How to avoid this mistake?It’s important to take your time when considering your response. You have to remember the key steps of response:Thank about the offer.Repeat the offer and ask for it to be sent to you so you have it all written down.Ask time to go over the details (at least a day or two).Thank again for the offer and reiterate when you’ll get back to it.You then simply have to sit down and perhaps even write down your initial thoughts. Consider it more and have a discussion with your family or friends, as well as anyone you feel would be able to give you advice. Sleep on the offer and go over it again â€" consider all the different options before you renegotiate or reject or accept the offer.5. REVEALING YOUR LOWEST SALARY LIMITOne of the biggest negotiating mistakes in any negotiation is to reveal your negotiating position. You do not want the employer to know what your limit is right from the get-go. You have to maintain a poker face. This is especially crucial in terms of the minimum salary you’re willing to accept. If you tell the employer that “X” amount of money is your lowest acceptable figure, you are inviting them to just stick to that figure. What reason would they have to pay you any more when they know you’d accept less? Financially it wouldn’t make sense; as a business, they want their expenses to remain low.How to avoid this mistake?The employer might ask you for a figure during the job interview or around the time they are willing to make an offer. The way to avoid revealing too much is to conceal any figures during this time and simply focus on saying you believe you will be able to reach a good agreement when the time comes to it. First, if you’re asked about your salary figures prior to receiving an offer, you could:Si mply say:“To me, it’s important to find a job that I can contribute in and do my best and I believe when this happens, the right salary will follow.”“I believe that we can talk about the salary once we’ve talked a bit more about my role and made sure I’m the right fit for the company.”“Perhaps you can let me know just what kind of expectations you have for me in regards of the role and then we can consider what I bring to the table.”If you’re asked about your salary hope during the negotiation, it’s important to remember to:Always give a salary range that’s higher than your absolute red line.Focus on a realistic figure both in terms of what the employment market is showing and what the company can afford.6. FORGETTING TO CONSIDER THE NON-SALARY ITEMSAs mentioned above, your salary package often contains more than just the lump sum of money you get for the work you do. It’s important to remember, then, that you shouldn’t focus your negotiations just on the salary. There are plenty of other monetary and non-monetary benefits you should consider before you decide whether a salary offer is good or bad. You should consider any non-salary item that might be important to you and make the job offer even more enticing. It’s more likely you’ll end up with a better deal because it might be that the employer can’t budge much with the salary but they can make adjustments with other benefits. How to avoid this mistake?Think prior to your salary negotiations what other non-salary items you’re interested in and which might be enough even if the pay isn’t exactly what you want. Non-salary items can be other monetary and non-monetary benefits such as:Bonuses and commissionsAn agreed raise in the futurePaid or non-paid vacation timeHealthcarePension or investment schemesMembership to gym, movie theatre and other such clubsChildcareDiscount schemesIt might even be something to do with your work. For example, you could negotiate flexible work hours that allow you to choose your own work hours or to work from home. There are many such perks you might ask for that can make the job offer more appealing and valuable to you. 7. TALKING ABOUT NEEDS RATHER THAN VALUEYou’re making a big mistake if you frame the negotiations around your needs. Of course, we all need a salary to live and to maintain a lifestyle but this isn’t a reason for the employer â€" they don’t need to give you money just because you need it.If you say things like, “Well, I really need at least $50k to live”, you are making the negotiations just about you and that’s not the point here. Your salary has to reflect the value you provide to the employer. The employer will pay you because you also add to the value the organization has and can make. You simply won’t be able to convince an employer to pay you more if you don’t convince them of the value you can provide. The bottom line is that it’s not about needs it’s about value.How to avoid th is mistake?The most important thing here is to know your worth. The above points have already directed you to different resources and tools that allow you to calculate your worth. It’s essential to do this research â€" it will help you in the negotiations.Another point to add here is the importance of presenting your argument with strong proof and facts. You don’t want to just say that your worth is X but you have to show why it’s X. Here’s a good example of a good and a bad argument for your salary:The bad argument:“According to my research, a salary of $40k would best reflect the value I can bring to the company.”The good argument:“I think my previous record shows that a salary of $40k would reflect my value. As you can see from this value portfolio I created, in my previous role I was in charge of a similar portfolio than I would in this role and I managed to increase sales by 40% just in three months. I think a similar scheme I ran there would boost the sales here too and I have this report here of some points for you to look at.”The good example works because it:Quantifies your achievements and highlights the actual value you’ve created in previous roles.Shows that you have experience in similar kind of tasks or roles.Tells the employer you already have ideas on how to succeed in the role and add to the value.8. HIDING BEHIND E-MAILMoney is among those topics people find uncomfortable to talk about. According to PayScale’s study, 28% of people find negotiating salary uncomfortable, with nearly 20% of respondents saying they don’t negotiate out of a fear of being seemed pushy. Because of this, many might feel like it’s a good idea to keep the conversation limited and to just rely on the power of e-mail. But hiding behind e-mail will hurt your negotiating power.There are many problems with e-mail negotiations. First of all, it’s not practical. Replies can take longer and you don’t know when to expect a response. You also can’t read the person’s body language and this plays an important role. You can’t see if they seem irritated, happy, annoyed, panicked and so on â€" those little cues you might be able to read when you’re talking face-to-face. How to avoid this mistake?It’s important to set up meetings to discuss the offer. You might receive the offer via e-mail (and as the next point will show, it’s important to have a written record of it) and you can respond initially with e-mail. However, you have to set up a meeting to discuss your thoughts and to conduct the actual negotiation. Therefore, you might respond by thanking for the offer, asking for a bit of time to go over it and then requesting a meeting to discuss it in person. If the employer for some reason insists on settling it via e-mails or phone, stay stern and just say you would feel more comfortable discussing these things in person. If for some reason they don’t seem to agree, well, it might not be such a good place to work after all!9. NOT ASKING FOR THE OFFER IN WRITINGYou might have noticed in the previous points how you’re asked to ask the offer in writing. Not asking for the offer in writing can indeed be a big mistake to make. There are two important points to this.First, you are better able to remember just what is being offered. You might be so excited when the offer comes in that you’re not properly listening to the different numbers and figures being mentioned. As the negotiations move on you might be mixed up with all the numbers you’ve discussed. Therefore, by having it written down, you know just what the current offer is and you’re all talking about the same thing.Second is the importance of having it written down in a legal standpoint. Again, it’s not to say that the employer might willingly want to lead you on but you won’t have many guarantees of anything if all you have is, “But they said so”. By getting the offer in writing, you have proof that everyone has agreed to this a nd that figure and benefits. How to avoid this mistake?Before you even start negotiating or thinking about an offer, you always want to ask the employer to send you the offer in writing. Even with the initial offer. As you start negotiating and you reach another offer, ask that in writing as well. It’s crucially important to ask for the final offer in writing, too. Do not accept an offer before you also have a written copy of it. 10. TAKING THE SALARY OFFER PERSONALLYFinally, of the major mistakes people make when negotiating a salary, or talking about money in general, is to take it personally. You shouldn’t be emotionally invested in the negotiations and you shouldn’t take it personally at any point.This can be easier said than done. After all, your salary is essentially a reflection of your worth. However, the employer doesn’t mean your value as a human is this or that. If you start adding emotions to the mix, you will end up hurting your negotiating power. Never threaten the employer during the negotiations. You’ll make a huge mistake by giving ultimatums or by trying to play the sympathy card. You must realize that, while it might not be easy, the employer can always find someone else to do the job. In the current job market, it’s difficult, if not impossible, to be irreplaceable. How to avoid this mistake?You can avoid this problem from arising by reminding yourself that the salary is always a business decision. Employers don’t pay a salary based on just what they think you deserve as a human â€" you can be the nicest person on the planet. This is business. The person deciding your salary might well think you should get more but the company might simply not have the financial means to offer it. If you find yourself getting emotional about the offer at any point during the negotiations, just take a moment. Breath in and remember that this isn’t personal, it’s just business. Do the research on the company and your own worth and you’ll k now just what the realistic expectations are. This will give you the confidence to move on with the negotiations. AVOIDING MISTAKES WILL LEAD TO SALARY SUCCESSAs the examples above show, you could really damage your earning potential by making negotiating mistakes. It’s important to keep a cool head and understand that negotiating is part of the deal of getting a good salary. You just have to:Do your researchFocus on your valueUnderstand the employer’s positionLeave the emotions out of itIf you focus on these four points, you can avoid these top ten negotiating mistakes and get the salary you deserve!

Research and Describe Connection Between Law and Morality - 275 Words

Research and Describe the Connection Between Law and Morality (Term Paper Sample) Content: THE CONNECTION BETWEEN LAW AND MORALITYStudent NameInstitutionDate of SubmissionThe Connection Between Law and MoralityIntroductionLaw cannot be viewed in isolation form the social and political values of the day. Even when in most cases, law is inferred from interpreting legislation, the Constitution and Judicial decisions; the moral and political practice of the society is essential in establishing the rules that should govern people in a many spheres of life. This is a position which is strongly backed by natural law philosophers who opine that law must be concordant with moral underpinnings of a society. One of the greatest proponents of natural law is Lon L. Fuller who elaborately discussed the essence of moral law through his famous postulates of procedural morality. This paper intends to discuss why law must borrow from moral and ethical principles using Fullers philosophical conception of law and morality.[MDA Freeman, Lloyds Introduction to Jurisprudence (7th edn, Sweet and Maxwell 2001) p 26.] Background InformationThere are two main theoretical frameworks within which law is characterized. First, there is Natural Law, and then legal positivism. Natural law implies that laws normative power stems from a number of axiomatic principles which are innate in human nature. As such, law is generally informed by religious principles; morality and other conventional norms. On the other hand, legal positivism stipulates that a law is only valid if there is an authority behind it. According to Jeremy Benthams conception, there must be a threat backed by a sanction in case of non-compliance. Without such enforcement authority, then words remain statements and not law. Aside from these two main theories, there are many other theories like sociological jurisprudence, legal realism and pure theory of law. The conception of legal positivists also implies that the only rules that can be considered as law are those which have been posited by an author ity; those which are written in black and white within legal documents. Any rules which are not sanctioned by an authority cannot be regarded to have any normative force within the society. The position that law should only be drawn from that which is written by the authorities has however come under strong opposition. According to Cotterrell, the law must always be apprehensive of the happenings in the society. In addition to this, Judges are always faced with cases which do not have a precise answer in the law. Therefore morality and politics should be invoked to fill in the grey areas.[Patrick Lee, Human Nature and Moral Goodness  in Mark Cherry, ed., The Normativity of the Natural (New York: Springer, 2009) p 45.] [Hart, H. L. A., Review of The Morality of Law , Harvard Law Review,Vol. 78, (1965), pp. 1281-1296: pp. 1295-1296.] [Hart, H. L. A., Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals  , 71 Harvard Law Review 593-629 (1958); reprinted in Joel Feinberg and Hyman G ross ed., Philosophy of Law, Fourth Edition, (Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1991; [1975]): pp. 63-81).] [Cotterrell, Roger, The politics of jurisprudence: a critical introduction to legal philosophy 2nd ed, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003) p 146.] Fullers Conception of Law and MoralityLon Fuller was an American Jurist who devoted most of his scholarly life establishing the relationship between law and morality. Much as his arguments are often associated with natural law, Fuller did not conform to the conventional natural law approach that holds that all unjust law is not law at all. He never explicitly subscribe to this position. Natural lawyers generally assert that there are certain objective moral principles which exist according to the nature of the universe and can be discovered by reason. In this case a proper legal system cannot exist if it is not guided by any religious or moral fabric. Fuller advances this argument by distinguishin g these natural rules from the general practice that is adapted by people who are aware of their needs in the society in a bid to further their welfare. Both of these forms of rules essentially guide day to day human activity even though they are not sanctioned by the authority.[Ladwig, B.. "Global justice, cosmopolitanism and moral path dependency", (Philosophy Social Criticism, 2013) p 8.] [L Fuller, Human Purpose and Natural Law, Journal of Philosophy, (1956) Vol.53, No.22, 697-705.] In his theory, Fuller stipulates that there is external and internal morality of law. According to him, while external morality entails the fairness and justness of law and its impact to the society; internal morality is an order of law which is contained in procedural natural law. His specific focus was on the inner morality of law whereby he enlisted eight principles which a law should satisfy for it to meet the threshold of having internal morality. First, the laws must contain a set of ongoing r ules governing human conduct which are expressed in terms generally known to the people. Secondly, the rules must be of progressive effect and not retrospective in application. Thirdly, the laws must be publicly promulgated so as to notify people of the obligations and duties imposed on them by the laws in question. Also, the laws must be intelligible, explicit and expressed in a manner that is easily understandable by the persons subject to them without any ambiguity. The fifth rule is that the laws should be consistent at all times with other existing laws and not contradict each other. In addition to this, the rules must be crafted in a way that makes it possible for the people to obey them. In this case, the laws must make realistic demands to the people. The seventh rule is that once a law has been enacted, it must remain as constant as possible so that the people can easily predict how their actions can be sanctioned unlike if the laws governing a concept are changed so often. Finally, the administration and enforcement of the said rules must be always consistent.[L Fuller, The Morality of Law, Revised Edition (Yale University Press, 1969) p 97.] [B Macleod-Cullinane, (1995) Lon L. Fuller and the Enterprise of Law, Legal Notes 1995) No:22.] The Nexus between Fullers Postulates and Contemporary legal systemsNatural lawyers argue that since the law draws from nature, it is universal and cannot be changed because it is an edict of God. The implication of this statement is that even if the authorities or government of the day does not recognize natural law; it still exists because these principles are innate and are shared by the whole society. Therefore governments should endeavor to incorporate these principles into law and enforce them so as to achieve justice. From this background, this theory further asserts that anything that does not comply with standards of natural law is bad law and ought not be enforced. The question of whether a law can be classi fied as good law and worth applicability can only be answered through judicial interpretation. Lon Fuller explained this concept through his hypothetical scenario of the Spelucean Explorers Case. In this case, he establishes that Courts are often faced with hard decisions to make in situations where a strict application of written law would result in outright injustices. From this background, it is imperative that a more objective source of law is invoked so as to fill in the gaps or rectify holes in posited law. That is where morality comes in.[L Fuller, The Morality of Law, Revised Edition (Yale University Press, 1969) p 138.] [Fuller, Lon L., The Case of the Speluncean Explorers , Harvard Law Review, Vol. 62, (1949): pp. 616-645; reprinted in Feinberg and Gross, Philosophy of Law, pp. 530-545.] The legal regime in Australia borrows heavily from common law principles which have been in effect for a very long period. These rules are often framed in very general terms which leave a great discretion for the Judge to ascertain the threshold of applicability. For instance, the renowned standard of a reasonable man is an arbitrary impression which has to be determined by a judge according to the perception he has created over a certain matter. On top of this, it is also noteworthy that Constitutions of most legal systems are expressed in general terms so as to allow for a much more expansive interpretation of these documents. This notwithstanding, in many jurisdictions, specific statutes contain provisions which are straight forward in their wording in order to avoid any ambiguity. This is clearly concordant with Fullers position that laws should not be expressed in general terms.[Holmes, Oliver Wendell, The Common Law. (Hamburg: tradition, 2013) p 37.] [Kommers, Donald P., John E. Finn, and Gary J. Jacobsohn, American constitutional law: essays, cases, and comparative notes (Lanham: Rowman Littlefield, 2004) p 149.] One feature that is notable with Fullers po stulate is that he did not arrange the eight rules following any order of precedence. Instead, he mooted for an informed balancing process that can lead to all the rules to be applied in equal measure. The problem with this is that in many cases, enforcing all these rules may be impossible because some are likely to conflict with each other. In this case, a lawmaker is entitled to employ discretionary powers with a view of subordinating some of the rules so as to achieve a greater societal goal. It is important that such discretion is arrived at after the lawmaker has examined all the eight rules and ...

The Hurricane Starring Denzel Washington As Rubin,...

In this paper, I am going to compare and contrast the movie The Hurricane starring Denzel Washington as Rubin â€Å"Hurricane† Carter to the handout provided for Nelson Mandela. I will begin with a critical review of the movie. The setting of the movie rotates from past to present, as the movie begin you will notice him in the ring with the middle weight champion and eventually defeat him in the first round with a knock-out. Than the movie switch to him protesting in a jail cell, 193 at Trenton State Prison, stating how he was wrongly accused for three murders and that anybody who was trying to come get him will feel the wrath of the Hurricane. The movie than revert back to the night where Rubin Carter and a young fella was wrongly accused of three murders in a well-known bar and grill, while leaving a night club. The reason they was pulled over was because the cops said they was looking for two black men in a white car. Mr. Carter than asked â€Å"any two black men would cou nt?† The movie fast forward to seven years later, approximately around 1980, where a young struggling African-American high schooler purchase his book from a book sale and is intrigued with the book because he can relate to the mishaps of Mr. Carter. The young man, Les Martin, was in housed by three Canadians who vowed to help him succeed in life and go to college. In the beginning of the book, Mr. Rubin Carter discusses his childhood and how it all started. Carter and a group of friends was playing when a