Tajikistan civil war (1992-1997) Research Paper

Professional Development Plan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Proficient Development Plan - Term Paper Example Proficient Development Plan My instructive life was at first like that of some other student. Grade school and secondary school instruction was like that of some other students. My advantage, be that as it may, was situated in technical disciplines. I wanted to comprehend the working of the human body and what causes sickness. My inclination slants me to thinking about individuals, so observing individuals endure truly influences me. I am a firm devotee that if all individuals cooperated to help the individuals who are less lucky, the world would be progressively tenable for all. Enthusiasm for sciences guided me to take part in science clubs and exercises all through my rudimentary and secondary school training. I likewise effectively took an interest in the emergency treatment society at my school. The individuals took an interest in network administration. Network administration has been a noteworthy piece of my learning life. At whatever point openings introduced themselves, I discovered this experience edifying. I am right now seeking after a nursing profession, and I have a partner degree which helped me understand the viewpoints that nursing joins. Over the span of study, I had the option to get involvement with tending to genuine patient circumstances. My objectives are, notwithstanding, centered around propelling my nursing profession past my present capabilities. There are a few alternatives that I could seek after, and in that capacity, guarantee a beneficial profession that not exclusively is satisfying, yet in addition good for the general public. In making arrangements for my nursing vocation, I have gone to the acknowledgment that following a course without arranging is equal to profession self destruction.

Importance Of Speaking And Listening Across The Curriculum Education Essay

Significance Of Speaking And Listening Across The Curriculum Education Essay Richards and Rodgers (2001) propose that there are basically four strategies for encouraging which are talking, tuning in, perusing and composing. A viable instructor accomplishes a decent harmony between these four strategies all through their exercises. As talking and listening are two of Richards and Rodgers (2001) strategies for educating, it is clear that all instructors need to remember talking and tuning in for their exercises (DES, 1975 refered to in Corson, 1990). Education includes the coordination of talking, tuning in and basic speculation with perusing and composing (Wray, 2001, pg12). Proficiency is the arrangement of abilities which permits a person to connect completely in the public eye and in learning, through the various types of language, and the scope of writings, which society esteems and finds valuable Proficiency can take numerous structures including numerical articulations, sites, charts, logical images, signs, non-verbal communication and kid's shows (Paterson, 2007). Talking and listening are inherently interlinked since there is no advantage to talking in the event that it isn't being tuned in to, regardless of whether that implies tuning in to oneself. Talking can happen in an assortment of ways inside the study hall. These principally incorporate addressing, pair work, communitarian bunch work or entire class conversations. Each of these is fit to various undertakings or circumstances and the accomplishment of the action relies upon the arranging aptitudes of the educator (Capel et al, 2009). As far as how the talking starts, arranged talk or addressing is bound to bring about an instructive conversation as more readiness will have occurred. Accidental talk whenever during an exercise can be similarly as helpful yet can likewise more effectively lead to sit visit (Capel et al, 2009). Listening is regularly considered as an expertise which is exceptionally hard to consummate (Lewis and Graham, 2003). Wragg and Brown (2001) express that there are four distinct sorts of tuning in; these are skim, overview, search and study. They accept the kinds of listening territory from little attention to attempting to scan for the fundamental importance of what is being said. The explanations behind these four kinds of listening could be because of the measure of data which can be passed on through discourse and the test of the audience handling this data (Capel et al, 2009, Wragg and Brown, 2001). With the end goal for proficiency to be instructed viably there should be some consistency over the educational plan (Paterson, 2007). Proficiency ought not simply be the obligation of the English division, as it applies to all learning and subjects can't be instructed adequately without talking and tuning in. For instance, to get a passing mark in a test or exposition requires the understudy to have a decent comprehension of proficiency (DfES, 2003). The Department for Education and Skills (2003), additionally expresses that for there to be compelling proficiency system over the school there should be a typical structure which empowers all subjects to cooperate to accomplish the shared objective. All subjects need to have similar principles to guarantee consistency. The National Literacy Trust (2010) express that each school needs to have a proficiency co-ordinator who ought to be liable for giving preparing, perceiving the requirements of different subjects and creating educator certainty and energy. It is significant that instructors have the right sentiment with respect to the consideration of proficiency in all subjects guaranteeing that they view perusing or talking out loud as ways for understudies to learn subject substance as opposed to simply producing extra outstanding burden (Paterson, 2007). Albeit maybe taking more time to design than different exercises, talking and listening undertakings could really spare the instructor time as understudies can assume liability for some free learning and inventive reasoning, which can be followed up by bunch conversation or addressing. To guarantee that the talking and tuning in inside the study hall is significant and viable, it is essential to ensure that an assortment of inquiries are arranged ahead of time and these inquiries are planned for contrasting capacities to guarantee that all understudies approach the educational plan (Capel et al, 2009). Open inquiries ought to be utilized to improve comprehension of understudies information as they require a progressively itemized and far reaching answer. All through the exercise a few students ought to be focused as it is a decent method to survey their degree of comprehension. Another region which ought to be considered is understudy reaction time as certain understudies may take more time to react not on the grounds that they don't have the foggiest idea about the appropriate response they could simply be pondering it (Corson, 1990, Capel et al, 2009). There are a few preferences and hindrances to including conversations inside a homeroom. A few points of interest are that instructors can get a progressively nitty gritty comprehension of an understudies cognizance of a specific branch of knowledge or theme. Fassinger (1995) examines how talking and listening can conjure focus, keep understudies included and is a demonstrated certainty developer. In any case, a detriment is that the instructor would be unconscious of where the conversation would wind up and it could go off course. Educators likewise need to take care to stay away from touchy issues with open conversations (Capel et al, 2009). Some portion of the job of an educator is to give understudies input on their work to assist them with learning and grow further (Murphy, 1997). In any case, the appraisal of an understudy dependent on talking and listening alone can be troublesome basically in light of the fact that it is burdensome to prove (Brooks, 2002). For instance if the understudy was generally peaceful and didn't state a lot of the instructor may accept that they are not accomplishing their objectives. A lot of talking inside an appraisal could imply that the discussion has gotten progressively broad and the understudy could be gabbing however not covering a subject top to bottom. Taking everything into account, having education aptitudes permits individuals to associate with our general public. Richards and Rodgers (2001) express that there are four strategies to educating; talking and listening represent half of these techniques. There are a wide range of manners by which talking and listening can be utilized inside the study hall to raise and measure accomplishment and comprehension.

The Consumer Electronics Industry And Apple Company Marketing Essay

The Consumer Electronics Industry And Apple Company Marketing Essay With the worldwide economy boosting quickly and nonstop advancement of high and new innovation, the opposition of purchaser electronic industry is getting increasingly extreme. Rely upon the greetings tech, buyer gadgets makers can push forward the efficiency (Robert G., 2009), consistent build up the assortments of customer hardware, improve nature of item and administration to meet shopper evolving needs (Jeffrey, 2006), make a superior fulfilled life and change the general public profoundly. Before, customers have just somewhat decision in the buyers hardware due to there were not have numerous makers in this industry, shoppers feel effectively to choose in buying choice procedure (Ralph, 2011), yet purchasers are overpowered by an excessive number of decisions now. As the customer hardware advertisers have acknowledged in encountering the severe reality that its more troublesome and intricacy than any time in recent memory to beat the contenders, so extraordinary is the concern of being closed out of this developing business sector for worldwide advertisers of buyer gadgets. Under this market foundation, the developing job of advertising is to be seen. Advertising is about business makes purchasers enthusiasm for items and administrations to the correct cost and spot at the ideal time (Philip Kotler, 2009). Promoting is identifying with understanding the requirements needs of customers and discovering approaches to offer items administrations which shopper fulfillment (Adcok, 2001). Promoting as a procedure for assembling, conveying, conveying and trading that offer some incentive for buyers (Hochbaum, 2011). The showcasing targets addressing the requirements of buyers and shopper fulfillment as an end-result of business benefit (Mohan, 2005). The hypothesis of promoting is improved step by step, the effective showcasing is basic to any advertisers to succeed (Schultz, 2006). Along these lines, for being accomplishment of showcasing as a training, it tends to be made out of a coordination of four or seven jobs called promoting blend and furthermore is called 4Ps or 7Ps (Chekitan, 2005). Promoting blend as a helpful system is that portrays and chooses how advertisers driven purchaser conduct to increase upper hands (Dennis, 2001). Advertisers utilize this training to attempt to make the ideal reactions in the objective market by intensifying factors in an ideal technique (Keller, 2012). Progressively buyer gadgets advertisers are likewise step by step aware of keeping up their reasonable upper hand to showcasing by make an interpretation of their fundamental beliefs into a sane promoting blend system to impact on shopper buying choice (Levinson, 2007), so during the time spent advertising, the job of promoting blend are turning out to be more significance than any other time in recent memory (Halborg, 2002). These days, customer hardware advertisers endeavor hard to run their showcasing situation with the correct promoting blend which will empower them to cultivate a solid and maintainable upper hand (Schnnaars, 1997), additionally, they are likewise endeavoring to come out with sophisticates, successful and forceful advertising blend are utilized to drive buyer practices to accomplish goal of advertising (Meerman, 2011). In spite of advertising has own a wide range of definitions, yet regardless, to put it plainly, they all attempt to lucidity the embodiment of showcasing is tied in with meeting the needs or needs of customers (Yelland, 2000). On the off chance that advertisers need to straightforwardly determined buyer buying conduct in promoting, the reason is that they should figure out what the periods of shopper purchasing dynamic procedure while purchasing an item (Blackwell, 2005) and which the central point are influencing customer buy conduct in each period of this purchasing procedure. In other word, advertisers must to know the socioeconomics of their customers and request inclination (Rakesh, 2006). In this manner, showcasing as the board procedure, which items and administrations move from idea to the purchaser (Caroline, 2003), it is a shopper centered promoting that drives the whole market. Purchaser is a key to all advertising exercises (Moreno, 2010). Seeing how customer conduct when they remembering it, scanning for, buying to utilize, assessing it and expected fulfilling will makes powerful and accessible showcasing blend (Christensen, 1998). There are a wide range of complex elements intently joined with advertising, however can precisely gauge shopper practices subsequently create powerful promoting blend to drive the factors that accomplish wanted result in accordance with the idea of showcasing where purchasers are fulfilled and advertisers meets their goals( Clayton, 1999). Also, when advertisers comprehend their objective market, it is no doubt their upper hands will be conveyed to their right objective market and change buyer conduct by showcasing blend (Deborah J. 2012), bringing about a normal last deals. In the interim, theres more than one point of view to state is that customer conduct is an investigation of individuals and it tends to be utilized to make showcasing blend structure that as an advertising apparatus to accomplish target portions (Harper Boyd, 2007). Subsequently when the promoting blend and purchasers practices are mediated, advertisers will have the option to accomplishment in their showcasing and higher benefits in industry advertise and reasonable serious to future promoting improvement (Baker, 2008). Notwithstanding, experience has instructed us that because of the critical contrasts exist in the connection between purchasers segment factors and their impression of promoting blend in showcasing strategy (Michael, 2007). Along these lines, influence working in this relationship can be profoundly testing. Against this foundation depicted over, the Apple will fill in as a contextual investigation to see how advertising will fruitful drive purchaser conduct by their showcasing blend, this examination with investigate a connection between parts of promoting about the Apple advertising blend and buyers decision of the Apple item dependent on impacts of segment factors. With the advertising blend and shoppers discernment for Apple item, the impacts of promoting on customer practices can be comprehend. The enthusiasm for this examination will base on the expanded consideration toward Singapore. Macintosh is a global undertaking that makes shopper gadgets, PC programming and business administration, their center product offerings are the iPhone, iPad, iPod music players, Macintosh line of PCs, programming and iTunes media program (Kuester, 2009). For the time being, Apple is one of the universes biggest mechanical buyer gadgets firm and the pioneers of purchaser electronic industry by drove an innovative advancement (Neal Goldsten, 2012), Apples center item had a huge piece of the overall industry in current shopper electronic market. Apple is notable for its fruitful advertising with powerful showcasing blend, in this digitalize tide (Homburg, 2007), shopper gadgets producers make an incentive in the psyche of their buyers, however the view of significant worth is emotional and what purchasers esteem this year might be very unique in relation to what they esteem one year from now (Tyson, 2011). Confronting this increasingly wild serious market, Apple despite everything can effectively examination the following flood of pattern and handle the ceaseless difference in customer inclinations unfailingly. It is dreadfully unusual: how Apple to drive their showcasing with the correct advertising blend system which will empower them to turned into the present universes most important organization by utilized in various phases of shopper purchasing dynamic procedure, how the impacts of Apple promoting on purchaser conduct? the reasons why Apple is extremely fruitful vital insider facts of promoting are as yet a secret to individuals, however one thing of which can be certain is that it didnt occur without any forethought. This examination endeavors to find that in a fruitful promoting, if there is a higher impacts connection between buyer conduct and advertising blend dependent on segment factors. Through break down the customers conduct and recognition for showcasing of Apple in Singapore, to comprehend what advertising factors effects on purchaser buying choice and how promoting blend can change shopper practices. I am taking a few center results of Apple, iPhone, iPad, iPod, Macintosh line of PCs, programming and iTunes media program are included regarding this matter research, for what reason is Apple beats most different organizations? How they effective actualize the promoting? How are these items turning into a market driving position? What causes buyers to go for these items? 1.2 Rationale The method of reasoning is choosing the Apple rather than others of many. Right off the bat, as my exploration is Apple focused as opposed to customer gadgets industry, in light of the fact that various organizations have various impacts of promoting on buyers purchasing conduct by various advertising blend system, yet can all the more likely comprehend the way toward showcasing through my examination. The subsequent explanation is that solitary use center item won't widen the extent of my examination, this will profit by information search that can be effectively acquired. Macintosh headed out to get a PC in the hands of regular and exceptional of items prevailing past others. With the presentation of the iPod in 2001, Apple effective built up itself as an innovator in the buyer hardware advertise (Kumar, 2011), and moves a solitary zone of PC from another bearing (Napier, 2010). After these, the achievement of the iPad has undercut conventional idea of in PC advertise once more (Schneider, 2011). Since 2007, Apple Inc. has distributed the portable result of iPhone that it is mean the touch screen has risen and a genuine cell phone war has started in the versatile world (LaMarche, 2011). Moreover, the iTunes achievement changes music industry when Apple turned out it for the majority in 2003 (Jantsch, 2010). Scarcely any organizations can upset an industry just with a solitary item is propelled, yet Apple whose history is loaded up with such innovative world-evolving minutes. The third explanation behind utilizing Apple as a case

10 Salary Negotiation Mistakes to Avoid

10 Salary Negotiation Mistakes to Avoid Money is not the easiest topics for having a conversation. Things can get even trickier when the conversation is about your salary. For many, talking about this is a discussion they’d rather avoid.The statistics speak this loud and clear. According to Glassdoor, 59% of employees accept the salary they are being offered without ever negotiating it. But perhaps the worse statistics is how only one in ten employees managed to successfully negotiate a salary. Therefore, even when you break the first barrier, you might hit a brick wall.The reason many fail to negotiate salary successfully is down to a few key mistakes people make. You can boil these down to ten most common and devastating mistakes in terms of salary success. So, let’s look at the ten mistakes you must avoid when negotiating your salary.1. NOT NEGOTIATING YOUR SALARY OFFERThe biggest mistake you can make is to not negotiate. Getting a job offer is exciting â€" your hard work is about to pay off and you’re finally get ting that job you want. But in all that excitement, you might end up making a bad mistake and simply agreeing to whatever the employer is suggesting. Similarly, you might be in your job, have added responsibilities and still stick to the same salary you’ve always had for months on end. It’s not that employers are actively looking to screw you over. Indeed, according to a Creative Group study, over 60% of executives are prepared to negotiate the initial offer they make to an employee. Furthermore, you should remember the business will always look for its own interests and sometimes they might simply forget to consider certain benefits outright. You need to be sure you know just what you’re settling for and never settle for a deal that isn’t actually worth it. Studies show that people who don’t negotiate their salaries tend to end up earning less in the long run! Indeed, one study has said those who don’t negotiate might lose up to $600,000 over the course of their working lives. You can seriously hurt your earning potential later down the line and if you end up with less than adequate pay, you might even feel a lack of motivation at work.How to avoid this mistake?There are two important things you must do in order to avoid this mistake. Prior to getting an offer, you should have an idea of what your worth is. Use a salary calculator or follow our guides to get a good grasp of what you should be getting. Have a lowest acceptable limit in mind and think about the other benefits that might make you feel happy to accept a job offer, even if the salary isn’t quite what you want.The second component is to simply stay calm and automatically ask the employer for time to go over the deal. You need the response of, “Thank you so much for the offer. I can’t wait to go over the deal and then get back to you,” come out of your mouth in a heartbeat. 2. FOCUSING ONLY ON YOUR SIDE OF THE ARGUMENTYou will have to fight your corner and stay strong when it com es to salary negotiations. But you have to remember you’re not the only party in this conversation and the employer also has reasons for suggesting specific figures.You are making a huge mistake if you appear to be inflexible and if you focus only on what you want to get out of the discussion. Just talking about your demands won’t get you very far â€" in fact, it’s going to help you get a better deal if you focus also on what the company can get out of the negotiations. Negotiations always involve two sides and understanding the other argument can make it easier for you to argue your case. By knowing what the pain points for the employer might be in terms of salary, you can put their minds at ease by answering them directly.How to avoid making this mistake?You should research the employer and know a few things. You should:Be aware of the kind of salaries and compensation packages they generally offer. It’s unlikely they would give you a very different deal to anyone else.Kno w what kind of financial situation the company currently ask. Demanding a high pay when the company seems to be laying off staff, for example, might seem inappropriate and impossible for the company to fulfill. If you focus on those two points, you get a better understanding of what the employer might be willing and able to pay. You need to remember to stay realistic and flexible.3. OVERLOOKING THE IMPORTANCE OF PROPER RESEARCHThe basis of negotiating and doing so successfully is all about research. You’re making a huge mistake if you get into the negotiations without researching:Average salaries in that roleAverage salaries in the companyYour actual worth and valueBenefits and perks aside from the salaryYou can lose out on a proper salary by simply throwing random figures in the air and then settling for whatever you think is good. If the employer notices that you don’t know what you’re talking about and what the market conditions are, then they can give you a bad deal â€" or get second thoughts about hiring someone with such lack of preparation.How to avoid this mistake?You have a range of online tools available to conduct research on those all-important points mentioned above. You can find salary and company information from sites like:Indeed.comSalary.comRandstad.caMonster.comPayScale.comYou should also look at the company website and the job profiles to ensure you understand the responsibilities and tasks you need to perform in the role. Finally, it can be helpful to talk to your network and get their perspectives on the company, the current salary markets and your talent. 4. MAKING HASTY DECISIONS TO ACCEPT OR TO DECLINE THE OFFERJust as it can be tempting to overlook the negotiations altogether, you might also feel like you have to make your decision or counteroffer quickly. Rushing your decision to accept or to reject the salary can seem tempting but it would be another big mistake.Accepting a salary is a big decision â€" it can have a huge impac t on your career. You don’t want to make the decision in haste only to regret it later. As mentioned, it could hurt your future earning potential, damage your career progress, and ruin your motivation.How to avoid this mistake?It’s important to take your time when considering your response. You have to remember the key steps of response:Thank about the offer.Repeat the offer and ask for it to be sent to you so you have it all written down.Ask time to go over the details (at least a day or two).Thank again for the offer and reiterate when you’ll get back to it.You then simply have to sit down and perhaps even write down your initial thoughts. Consider it more and have a discussion with your family or friends, as well as anyone you feel would be able to give you advice. Sleep on the offer and go over it again â€" consider all the different options before you renegotiate or reject or accept the offer.5. REVEALING YOUR LOWEST SALARY LIMITOne of the biggest negotiating mistakes in any negotiation is to reveal your negotiating position. You do not want the employer to know what your limit is right from the get-go. You have to maintain a poker face. This is especially crucial in terms of the minimum salary you’re willing to accept. If you tell the employer that “X” amount of money is your lowest acceptable figure, you are inviting them to just stick to that figure. What reason would they have to pay you any more when they know you’d accept less? Financially it wouldn’t make sense; as a business, they want their expenses to remain low.How to avoid this mistake?The employer might ask you for a figure during the job interview or around the time they are willing to make an offer. The way to avoid revealing too much is to conceal any figures during this time and simply focus on saying you believe you will be able to reach a good agreement when the time comes to it. First, if you’re asked about your salary figures prior to receiving an offer, you could:Si mply say:“To me, it’s important to find a job that I can contribute in and do my best and I believe when this happens, the right salary will follow.”“I believe that we can talk about the salary once we’ve talked a bit more about my role and made sure I’m the right fit for the company.”“Perhaps you can let me know just what kind of expectations you have for me in regards of the role and then we can consider what I bring to the table.”If you’re asked about your salary hope during the negotiation, it’s important to remember to:Always give a salary range that’s higher than your absolute red line.Focus on a realistic figure both in terms of what the employment market is showing and what the company can afford.6. FORGETTING TO CONSIDER THE NON-SALARY ITEMSAs mentioned above, your salary package often contains more than just the lump sum of money you get for the work you do. It’s important to remember, then, that you shouldn’t focus your negotiations just on the salary. There are plenty of other monetary and non-monetary benefits you should consider before you decide whether a salary offer is good or bad. You should consider any non-salary item that might be important to you and make the job offer even more enticing. It’s more likely you’ll end up with a better deal because it might be that the employer can’t budge much with the salary but they can make adjustments with other benefits. How to avoid this mistake?Think prior to your salary negotiations what other non-salary items you’re interested in and which might be enough even if the pay isn’t exactly what you want. Non-salary items can be other monetary and non-monetary benefits such as:Bonuses and commissionsAn agreed raise in the futurePaid or non-paid vacation timeHealthcarePension or investment schemesMembership to gym, movie theatre and other such clubsChildcareDiscount schemesIt might even be something to do with your work. For example, you could negotiate flexible work hours that allow you to choose your own work hours or to work from home. There are many such perks you might ask for that can make the job offer more appealing and valuable to you. 7. TALKING ABOUT NEEDS RATHER THAN VALUEYou’re making a big mistake if you frame the negotiations around your needs. Of course, we all need a salary to live and to maintain a lifestyle but this isn’t a reason for the employer â€" they don’t need to give you money just because you need it.If you say things like, “Well, I really need at least $50k to live”, you are making the negotiations just about you and that’s not the point here. Your salary has to reflect the value you provide to the employer. The employer will pay you because you also add to the value the organization has and can make. You simply won’t be able to convince an employer to pay you more if you don’t convince them of the value you can provide. The bottom line is that it’s not about needs it’s about value.How to avoid th is mistake?The most important thing here is to know your worth. The above points have already directed you to different resources and tools that allow you to calculate your worth. It’s essential to do this research â€" it will help you in the negotiations.Another point to add here is the importance of presenting your argument with strong proof and facts. You don’t want to just say that your worth is X but you have to show why it’s X. Here’s a good example of a good and a bad argument for your salary:The bad argument:“According to my research, a salary of $40k would best reflect the value I can bring to the company.”The good argument:“I think my previous record shows that a salary of $40k would reflect my value. As you can see from this value portfolio I created, in my previous role I was in charge of a similar portfolio than I would in this role and I managed to increase sales by 40% just in three months. I think a similar scheme I ran there would boost the sales here too and I have this report here of some points for you to look at.”The good example works because it:Quantifies your achievements and highlights the actual value you’ve created in previous roles.Shows that you have experience in similar kind of tasks or roles.Tells the employer you already have ideas on how to succeed in the role and add to the value.8. HIDING BEHIND E-MAILMoney is among those topics people find uncomfortable to talk about. According to PayScale’s study, 28% of people find negotiating salary uncomfortable, with nearly 20% of respondents saying they don’t negotiate out of a fear of being seemed pushy. Because of this, many might feel like it’s a good idea to keep the conversation limited and to just rely on the power of e-mail. But hiding behind e-mail will hurt your negotiating power.There are many problems with e-mail negotiations. First of all, it’s not practical. Replies can take longer and you don’t know when to expect a response. You also can’t read the person’s body language and this plays an important role. You can’t see if they seem irritated, happy, annoyed, panicked and so on â€" those little cues you might be able to read when you’re talking face-to-face. How to avoid this mistake?It’s important to set up meetings to discuss the offer. You might receive the offer via e-mail (and as the next point will show, it’s important to have a written record of it) and you can respond initially with e-mail. However, you have to set up a meeting to discuss your thoughts and to conduct the actual negotiation. Therefore, you might respond by thanking for the offer, asking for a bit of time to go over it and then requesting a meeting to discuss it in person. If the employer for some reason insists on settling it via e-mails or phone, stay stern and just say you would feel more comfortable discussing these things in person. If for some reason they don’t seem to agree, well, it might not be such a good place to work after all!9. NOT ASKING FOR THE OFFER IN WRITINGYou might have noticed in the previous points how you’re asked to ask the offer in writing. Not asking for the offer in writing can indeed be a big mistake to make. There are two important points to this.First, you are better able to remember just what is being offered. You might be so excited when the offer comes in that you’re not properly listening to the different numbers and figures being mentioned. As the negotiations move on you might be mixed up with all the numbers you’ve discussed. Therefore, by having it written down, you know just what the current offer is and you’re all talking about the same thing.Second is the importance of having it written down in a legal standpoint. Again, it’s not to say that the employer might willingly want to lead you on but you won’t have many guarantees of anything if all you have is, “But they said so”. By getting the offer in writing, you have proof that everyone has agreed to this a nd that figure and benefits. How to avoid this mistake?Before you even start negotiating or thinking about an offer, you always want to ask the employer to send you the offer in writing. Even with the initial offer. As you start negotiating and you reach another offer, ask that in writing as well. It’s crucially important to ask for the final offer in writing, too. Do not accept an offer before you also have a written copy of it. 10. TAKING THE SALARY OFFER PERSONALLYFinally, of the major mistakes people make when negotiating a salary, or talking about money in general, is to take it personally. You shouldn’t be emotionally invested in the negotiations and you shouldn’t take it personally at any point.This can be easier said than done. After all, your salary is essentially a reflection of your worth. However, the employer doesn’t mean your value as a human is this or that. If you start adding emotions to the mix, you will end up hurting your negotiating power. Never threaten the employer during the negotiations. You’ll make a huge mistake by giving ultimatums or by trying to play the sympathy card. You must realize that, while it might not be easy, the employer can always find someone else to do the job. In the current job market, it’s difficult, if not impossible, to be irreplaceable. How to avoid this mistake?You can avoid this problem from arising by reminding yourself that the salary is always a business decision. Employers don’t pay a salary based on just what they think you deserve as a human â€" you can be the nicest person on the planet. This is business. The person deciding your salary might well think you should get more but the company might simply not have the financial means to offer it. If you find yourself getting emotional about the offer at any point during the negotiations, just take a moment. Breath in and remember that this isn’t personal, it’s just business. Do the research on the company and your own worth and you’ll k now just what the realistic expectations are. This will give you the confidence to move on with the negotiations. AVOIDING MISTAKES WILL LEAD TO SALARY SUCCESSAs the examples above show, you could really damage your earning potential by making negotiating mistakes. It’s important to keep a cool head and understand that negotiating is part of the deal of getting a good salary. You just have to:Do your researchFocus on your valueUnderstand the employer’s positionLeave the emotions out of itIf you focus on these four points, you can avoid these top ten negotiating mistakes and get the salary you deserve!

Research and Describe Connection Between Law and Morality - 275 Words

Research and Describe the Connection Between Law and Morality (Term Paper Sample) Content: THE CONNECTION BETWEEN LAW AND MORALITYStudent NameInstitutionDate of SubmissionThe Connection Between Law and MoralityIntroductionLaw cannot be viewed in isolation form the social and political values of the day. Even when in most cases, law is inferred from interpreting legislation, the Constitution and Judicial decisions; the moral and political practice of the society is essential in establishing the rules that should govern people in a many spheres of life. This is a position which is strongly backed by natural law philosophers who opine that law must be concordant with moral underpinnings of a society. One of the greatest proponents of natural law is Lon L. Fuller who elaborately discussed the essence of moral law through his famous postulates of procedural morality. This paper intends to discuss why law must borrow from moral and ethical principles using Fullers philosophical conception of law and morality.[MDA Freeman, Lloyds Introduction to Jurisprudence (7th edn, Sweet and Maxwell 2001) p 26.] Background InformationThere are two main theoretical frameworks within which law is characterized. First, there is Natural Law, and then legal positivism. Natural law implies that laws normative power stems from a number of axiomatic principles which are innate in human nature. As such, law is generally informed by religious principles; morality and other conventional norms. On the other hand, legal positivism stipulates that a law is only valid if there is an authority behind it. According to Jeremy Benthams conception, there must be a threat backed by a sanction in case of non-compliance. Without such enforcement authority, then words remain statements and not law. Aside from these two main theories, there are many other theories like sociological jurisprudence, legal realism and pure theory of law. The conception of legal positivists also implies that the only rules that can be considered as law are those which have been posited by an author ity; those which are written in black and white within legal documents. Any rules which are not sanctioned by an authority cannot be regarded to have any normative force within the society. The position that law should only be drawn from that which is written by the authorities has however come under strong opposition. According to Cotterrell, the law must always be apprehensive of the happenings in the society. In addition to this, Judges are always faced with cases which do not have a precise answer in the law. Therefore morality and politics should be invoked to fill in the grey areas.[Patrick Lee, Human Nature and Moral Goodness  in Mark Cherry, ed., The Normativity of the Natural (New York: Springer, 2009) p 45.] [Hart, H. L. A., Review of The Morality of Law , Harvard Law Review,Vol. 78, (1965), pp. 1281-1296: pp. 1295-1296.] [Hart, H. L. A., Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals  , 71 Harvard Law Review 593-629 (1958); reprinted in Joel Feinberg and Hyman G ross ed., Philosophy of Law, Fourth Edition, (Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1991; [1975]): pp. 63-81).] [Cotterrell, Roger, The politics of jurisprudence: a critical introduction to legal philosophy 2nd ed, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003) p 146.] Fullers Conception of Law and MoralityLon Fuller was an American Jurist who devoted most of his scholarly life establishing the relationship between law and morality. Much as his arguments are often associated with natural law, Fuller did not conform to the conventional natural law approach that holds that all unjust law is not law at all. He never explicitly subscribe to this position. Natural lawyers generally assert that there are certain objective moral principles which exist according to the nature of the universe and can be discovered by reason. In this case a proper legal system cannot exist if it is not guided by any religious or moral fabric. Fuller advances this argument by distinguishin g these natural rules from the general practice that is adapted by people who are aware of their needs in the society in a bid to further their welfare. Both of these forms of rules essentially guide day to day human activity even though they are not sanctioned by the authority.[Ladwig, B.. "Global justice, cosmopolitanism and moral path dependency", (Philosophy Social Criticism, 2013) p 8.] [L Fuller, Human Purpose and Natural Law, Journal of Philosophy, (1956) Vol.53, No.22, 697-705.] In his theory, Fuller stipulates that there is external and internal morality of law. According to him, while external morality entails the fairness and justness of law and its impact to the society; internal morality is an order of law which is contained in procedural natural law. His specific focus was on the inner morality of law whereby he enlisted eight principles which a law should satisfy for it to meet the threshold of having internal morality. First, the laws must contain a set of ongoing r ules governing human conduct which are expressed in terms generally known to the people. Secondly, the rules must be of progressive effect and not retrospective in application. Thirdly, the laws must be publicly promulgated so as to notify people of the obligations and duties imposed on them by the laws in question. Also, the laws must be intelligible, explicit and expressed in a manner that is easily understandable by the persons subject to them without any ambiguity. The fifth rule is that the laws should be consistent at all times with other existing laws and not contradict each other. In addition to this, the rules must be crafted in a way that makes it possible for the people to obey them. In this case, the laws must make realistic demands to the people. The seventh rule is that once a law has been enacted, it must remain as constant as possible so that the people can easily predict how their actions can be sanctioned unlike if the laws governing a concept are changed so often. Finally, the administration and enforcement of the said rules must be always consistent.[L Fuller, The Morality of Law, Revised Edition (Yale University Press, 1969) p 97.] [B Macleod-Cullinane, (1995) Lon L. Fuller and the Enterprise of Law, Legal Notes 1995) No:22.] The Nexus between Fullers Postulates and Contemporary legal systemsNatural lawyers argue that since the law draws from nature, it is universal and cannot be changed because it is an edict of God. The implication of this statement is that even if the authorities or government of the day does not recognize natural law; it still exists because these principles are innate and are shared by the whole society. Therefore governments should endeavor to incorporate these principles into law and enforce them so as to achieve justice. From this background, this theory further asserts that anything that does not comply with standards of natural law is bad law and ought not be enforced. The question of whether a law can be classi fied as good law and worth applicability can only be answered through judicial interpretation. Lon Fuller explained this concept through his hypothetical scenario of the Spelucean Explorers Case. In this case, he establishes that Courts are often faced with hard decisions to make in situations where a strict application of written law would result in outright injustices. From this background, it is imperative that a more objective source of law is invoked so as to fill in the gaps or rectify holes in posited law. That is where morality comes in.[L Fuller, The Morality of Law, Revised Edition (Yale University Press, 1969) p 138.] [Fuller, Lon L., The Case of the Speluncean Explorers , Harvard Law Review, Vol. 62, (1949): pp. 616-645; reprinted in Feinberg and Gross, Philosophy of Law, pp. 530-545.] The legal regime in Australia borrows heavily from common law principles which have been in effect for a very long period. These rules are often framed in very general terms which leave a great discretion for the Judge to ascertain the threshold of applicability. For instance, the renowned standard of a reasonable man is an arbitrary impression which has to be determined by a judge according to the perception he has created over a certain matter. On top of this, it is also noteworthy that Constitutions of most legal systems are expressed in general terms so as to allow for a much more expansive interpretation of these documents. This notwithstanding, in many jurisdictions, specific statutes contain provisions which are straight forward in their wording in order to avoid any ambiguity. This is clearly concordant with Fullers position that laws should not be expressed in general terms.[Holmes, Oliver Wendell, The Common Law. (Hamburg: tradition, 2013) p 37.] [Kommers, Donald P., John E. Finn, and Gary J. Jacobsohn, American constitutional law: essays, cases, and comparative notes (Lanham: Rowman Littlefield, 2004) p 149.] One feature that is notable with Fullers po stulate is that he did not arrange the eight rules following any order of precedence. Instead, he mooted for an informed balancing process that can lead to all the rules to be applied in equal measure. The problem with this is that in many cases, enforcing all these rules may be impossible because some are likely to conflict with each other. In this case, a lawmaker is entitled to employ discretionary powers with a view of subordinating some of the rules so as to achieve a greater societal goal. It is important that such discretion is arrived at after the lawmaker has examined all the eight rules and ...

The Hurricane Starring Denzel Washington As Rubin,...

In this paper, I am going to compare and contrast the movie The Hurricane starring Denzel Washington as Rubin â€Å"Hurricane† Carter to the handout provided for Nelson Mandela. I will begin with a critical review of the movie. The setting of the movie rotates from past to present, as the movie begin you will notice him in the ring with the middle weight champion and eventually defeat him in the first round with a knock-out. Than the movie switch to him protesting in a jail cell, 193 at Trenton State Prison, stating how he was wrongly accused for three murders and that anybody who was trying to come get him will feel the wrath of the Hurricane. The movie than revert back to the night where Rubin Carter and a young fella was wrongly accused of three murders in a well-known bar and grill, while leaving a night club. The reason they was pulled over was because the cops said they was looking for two black men in a white car. Mr. Carter than asked â€Å"any two black men would cou nt?† The movie fast forward to seven years later, approximately around 1980, where a young struggling African-American high schooler purchase his book from a book sale and is intrigued with the book because he can relate to the mishaps of Mr. Carter. The young man, Les Martin, was in housed by three Canadians who vowed to help him succeed in life and go to college. In the beginning of the book, Mr. Rubin Carter discusses his childhood and how it all started. Carter and a group of friends was playing when a

Should Prison Be Punished For A Crime - 2383 Words

Individuals are sent to prison be punished for a crime committed and to be kept away from society. While some criminals are violent sociopaths, and may never be rehabilitated, many criminals can be corrected and taught to improve themselves. A variety of programs are designed to help inmates learn from their mistakes and prepare for release. These programs require funding, and with an imperfect penal system, there are certain elements of prison which may exacerbate criminal behavior. Ideally, when individuals are sent to prison, they would learn how to improve themselves and better understand the consequences of their crime. Upon completion of their sentence, inmates would be ready to become productive members of society. Inmates who must serve life sentences would still find a sense of peace, even though they must remain in prison. Unfortunately, this perfect system of punishment and redemption does not exist. The amount of rehabilitation an inmate undergoes often depends on the prison in which they are incarcerated. While some prisons provide programs that help inmates improve, other prisons are brutal facilities designed solely to retain inmates and keep them away from society. Prison can be a brutal atmosphere for many reasons. The shock of being incarcerated and knowing that one’s basic freedoms are obliterated can be psychologically jarring. Being in prison can wreak havoc on the psyche and many inmates may require some form of therapy to help them toShow MoreRelatedControversy On Luxuries On Prisons1615 Words   |  7 Pagesin Prisons In today s prison system of the United States, over 75% of the prisoners have the right to many luxuries while incarcerated instead of getting punished for the crimes committed. In fact, many inmates receive better health care than most people in the United States. Certainly, inmates have more luxuries than the citizens who work hard for them. With that in mind, inmates may consider jail better than the real world. No doubt inmates deserve treatment of an adult for the crimes theyRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency in the United States1585 Words   |  6 PagesJuvenile Crime Statistics Wendy R Swartz Keiser University Abstract: In this document, the topic of juvenile delinquency in the United States is thoroughly examined. Approximately 1.5 million minors (those are citizens who are under the age of 18) are arrested for criminal activity each year in the US. These juveniles are arrested for a variety of crimes; everything from petty vandalism and loitering to prostitution, drug dealing, and even murder. Of these, 70% of offenders will be tried andRead MoreEssay on Level of Punishment Does Not Fit the Crime1008 Words   |  5 Pagesof serious crimes that the justice system fails to make sure that criminals pay the price for the devastation that they cause. 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The onlyRead MoreRadical Criminologists Believe That Crime Is Caused By Social And Economic Forces Of A Society1670 Words   |  7 PagesRadical criminologists believe that crime is caused by social and economic forces of a society. They believe that people of higher class rule everything and function is terms of general interest instead of focusing on the general interest of society as a whole. The statement given to me basically states that by looking at our prison system you can see that those who have power and money can basically get away with anything and that they use our prison system in order to make money for themselvesRead MoreSummary Of Bring Back Flogging By Jeff Jacoby795 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å"Bring Back Flogging†, the author, Jeff Jacoby suggests that people should adopt some of the Puritans tactics to punish criminals instead of putting them in prison. In order to present his claim, Jacoby is based in the use of irony, logos, and ethos. 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Hopeless Love Act Of Worship - 1083 Words

Hopeless love: Act of Worship â€Å"When the coffee came, she held out the silver sugar bowl for him to help himself from first, and as he took it their fingertips came into brief contact. She apologized immediately, but a suspicion plagued her that he had seen the contact as premeditated on her part. It continued to plague her in the maddening heat on the train, so that every time the steady waving of the professor’s fan suddenly stopped her heart seemed to stop with it. She had never reacted in this way before. Perhaps the sense of responsibility she’d felt ever since the train had left Tokyo Station had made her oversensitive? The incident, for which there was no way of apologizing naturally, continued to weigh on her till, combining with the heat, it made it impossible for her to enjoy the scenery outside.† In Yukio Mishima’s short story Act of Worship we see Tsuneko, a housekeeper of Professor Fujimiya, accompanying him on a pilgrimage to the Kumano s hrines in the professor’s hometown. Along the way she begins to feel uneasy towards everything. There could possibly be a more hidden meaning behind why Tsuneko is anxious. This paper argues the possibility the Tsuneko is possibly falling for the Professor. Let’s start at the beginning, Tsuneko admits that the only relationship between the Professor and herself is strictly business. However, we’re all human and life, or in this case love, will always find a way. 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Domestic Violence A Part Of Culture - 1498 Words

To this day, domestic violence is seen to be a part of culture in many countries. Some people view domestic violence as unjust and cruel, yet many see it as a form of power and control over another. Domestic violence plays a key role in different societies around the world as it is becoming a social norm. Domestic violence frequently begins when one partner feels the need to control the other. This feeling is sprouted from several factors such as jealousy, low self-esteem, and difficulties in regulating one’s emotions and anger, or when one feels inferior because of his or her education or socioeconomic background (Goldsmith). Researchers state that men with tradition beliefs tend to think they have power over women and that they are inferior to men, which is followed by many stereotypes today. Stereotypes about the â€Å"proper† roles in society differ between men and women due to the cultural beliefs that men are superior which is evident in many family structures aro und the world. 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Creative Writing †My Baby Free Essays

I was walking in the thick white snow, my cheeks pale pink, and my eyes wet, from the cold, razor-sharp wind that seemed to blow across my face. My hands in my pocket, and my head down prevented me from seeing my way, so I raised my head. All of a sudden, my eyes met his across the street; he was tall, with sea blue eyes and long strawberry blond hair, which made him look ugly. We will write a custom essay sample on Creative Writing – My Baby or any similar topic only for you Order Now But his eyes distracted me from seeing his flaws. His small white teeth showing in a smile, when he returned my stare. I was warm; my cheeks grew bright red, my eyes flooded with admiration for his looks. â€Å"Was it love or lust†? I thought as, I continued to stare at him. He was so kind, loving and caring, with a great personality that always made me smile, while I slept. He constantly made me feel good, and I loved him so much; that I could stay awake just to hear him breathing. Due to the fact that we were so young, we couldn’t consummate our love for one another. I was 17, and he was 18, when we both decided that we should take our love to the next level. We wanted it to be special, so we could treasure the moment for the rest of our lives, therefore we lied to our parents about where we were going. We stayed in a cottage, which had a fire place. We made love in front of the fire place. The fire made our body, so hot, and sweaty. I smiled, keeping the pleasure from showing in my eyes. I wish could spend the rest of my life in this sweet surrender. After we made love I felt, like I have never felt before; I was far away dreaming, I was in ecstasy. The art of making love was new to me, but was exhilarating. Satisfaction drowned my body. Our body became one; and we shared deep love and feelings. I have no recollection of being this happy before, but we made one mistake. We forgot to use protection-condom. At school we were never taught sex education. Anytime I asked my mum, about sex she would make me wash my mouth out with soap, then take me to church and tell the priest he should pray for me, because I was turning to sin. I always laughed when she did it. So I did it often just to watch her reaction. Three months later I found out I was pregnant. I knew I was pregnant because I had missed my period for three months; also I got fat, and had morning sickness. I did not tell the father that I was pregnant. I didn’t want to, he wouldn’t have stayed anyway. But every moment I spent with him I treasured. I didn’t want to have the baby, I was too young. I thought of many ways of getting rid of the baby with out killing it. I didn’t know what to do, or who to tell. It was too much for me to handle. So I decided to tell my mum. Telling my mum was the worst. When I told, her normally blue-gray eyes grew green with hatred. Then her lips tightened against her reply â€Å"ok darling†. She did not shout, scream nor sob. I felt as if in her reply there was a plan. Six months later. I was ready to give birth. I preferred making the baby, than  giving birth to it, as I dreamt far away of the night it happened. It was as if my scream of pain, triggered the baby. My baby was born; he was small, and breathtaking. My breath was taken away when my mum said â€Å"you can’t keep him†. There was no way I could speak; my voice had gone with shock. She took my baby away from me. I turned away so she could not see the expressions in my eyes. It took a moment for the shock-wave of pain to travel down my body, to my brain. The agony was so intense that a scream involuntarily tore its way from my throat. I hated her for what she did. My mum and I lived in silence, in a house where the love had been stolen. Although I stayed to take care of her, because she was ill with Alzheimer. Since my baby was gone I had no love to give, I had put a brick wall around my heart, which was guarded by my hatred for the world. At home in the sitting room drinking my daily caffeine shot, while watching DR PHIL, and my mum rambling incoherent words to the T.V. The phone called for me. The voice came through the telephone, echoing through a corridor 12 months long. â€Å"We have an address†, said the voice on the phone, my heart started to beat loud; it got so loud it made the voice the inaudible. 314 maple road, Leicester, could be where  my son lives.  I hesitated when I got to the door. I didn’t want to ruin his happiness, in his new  life. â€Å"But my happiness has already been ruined,† I said selfishly. My finger trembled as  I rang the bell twice. A little boy answered the door. Many questions argued in my mind all at once; could he be my son? Could this be my baby? I felt happy when he spoke; â€Å"hello â€Å"said the soft voice. I could stay lost in this moment forever. How to cite Creative Writing – My Baby, Papers

Down syndrome and Spina Bifida cause, effects an Essay Example For Students

Down syndrome and Spina Bifida cause, effects an Essay d treatment Many individuals are born with defects due to genetic factors. Some such defects occur because the child inherits a defective gene, or genes from the parents. Others are caused through mutations- spontaneous changes that occur to a gene or chromosome. Environmental factors affecting the foetus during the uterine development may also cause defects. If, during pregnancy, a woman smokes, consumes alcohol or other drugs, or suffers dietary deficiencies, the developing foetus may be adversely affected. About one in every seven hundred births is Down syndrome baby. Down syndrome is now more frequently referred to as trisomy- 21, as new individuals with the disorder have three of the chromosome numbers twenty-one. Characteristics of a baby with Downs Syndrome include a small, round head with a large tongue and a broad skull; a short stature and stubby fingers; malformation of the heart, ears, hands and feet; and mental retardation. Sexual maturity is rarely attained. The risk of having a child with Down syndrome increases sharply if a woman is reaching the end of her child-bearing period. For women aged over 45 or over the risk is around one in fifty, whereas for women in their middle reproductive years- around 20-35 years- the risk is only about one in a hundred. Down syndrome can be detected in cells taken from the amniotic fluid of a pregnant woman, in a procedure called amniocentesis. Women having children late in life are strongly advised to have such a test. If the condition is detected early in the pregnancy, the parents have the option of a therapeutic abortion, whereas such practices are legal. About two in every thousand babies born in Australia have a neural tube defect and about half of these have spina bifida. Spina bifida occurs when the vertebrae of the spinal column fail to form a complete bony arch around the spinal cord. In about fifty percent of cases it is the lower back region of the spine that is affected. In serious cases, the coverings of the spinal cord and the wall of the spinal cavity itself may protrude, resulting in the opening of the neural canal to the exterior. Surgery to repair this is condition often results in paralysis of the lower limbs and associated lack of control of bowel and bladder functions. In less severe cases the spinal deformity may be small, and when it is repaired the child is able to walk and function normally. The incidence of spina bifida varies considerably between countries. Researchers have been led to believe that there is a strong environmental influence in spina bifida. In recent years a link has been established between inadequate intake of folic acid before and during pregnancy and the incidence of neural tube defects like spina bifida. A genetic link to spina bifida is also likely. All women who have a history of neural defects or spina bifida in the family are at an increased risk of themselves producing a baby with a neural tube defect. However, over ninety five percent of neural tube defects occur in families where there has never been an infected child. In some cases, the factor with the greater effect can be identified; whether it be environmental factors or heredity, but never the factor that is most important. Many of the characteristics displayed by humans are due to the interaction of both heredity and environment. The height to which an individual grows for example, is a case where heredity plays a role in the determination of the end result. If a person has tall parents, it is more likely that he or she too, will also be tall. In addition, growth is affected by environmental factors like nutrition. The question of that of the two factors- heredity or environment is the more important has no simple answer. .

Rising Textbook Prices Essay Example

Rising Textbook Prices Essay Our group has conducted valid research and all agree that the high price and ever-rising cost of textbooks in the state of New Mexico has become an issue. Luis Argon Castro, Catherine Ponce, Mathew Hagman, Saul Velez, and Hannes Harmon have conducted thorough research to bring this problem to the forefront of issues in New Mexico. We wish to open the public’s eyes to the knowledge and information produced by us on this matter. It feels as if commercial companies, publishers, and authors are taking advantage of students statewide in order to collect high profits, which happen to be increasing yearly. The prices have been substantially climbing every year since 1994 and have now surpassed the rise of inflation. Higher education is becoming more and more expensive for students. Not only is tuition continuing to increase in cost, college textbook prices are drastically increasing as well. We as students are curious as to why the prices of textbooks are so high, and why they increase at the rate they do. It is becoming more difficult for students to pay for college along with their everyday living expenses. Students are concerned as to if New Mexico colleges and universities have the students’ best interest in mind, or are they simply interested in profit. We have identified what is behind the price of textbooks as far as their actual worth, and how much is profited by the companies providing the books. Moreover, we have explored alternative solutions for students when purchasing textbooks. We are presenting fellow students all the different alternatives, both legal and illegal; they currently have in order to save money on textbooks. Our objective is to significantly impact the way students and government look at textbook’s rising prices. We will write a custom essay sample on Rising Textbook Prices specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rising Textbook Prices specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rising Textbook Prices specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The desired outcome would be to drive down the price of textbooks required for college students in the state of New Mexico. We have presented rules/legislation that would benefit the students. Among the major steps in our solution, we intend on exposing those responsible for absurd prices on textbooks, which are used to form tomorrow’s leaders and fellow citizens. By exploring and analyzing the facts, we have proven that the rising cost of books has no correlation with inflation or rising tuition. Higher cost textbooks are definitely an issue that affects not only the state of New Mexico, but also the whole nation. A vast amount of students are reaping the high expenses of these textbooks prices. Here in New Mexico more and more students are complaining about the high priced textbooks. Even more complain of the small amount of money refunded to them when the â€Å"buy-back† begins. It does not make sense that a student makes less than half of what was paid at the end of a semester when re-selling a book. It especially doesn’t make sense when the book is then put up for sale the next semester for more money than the student made back. This is a serious problem, and is unfair. Who is really benefiting from this? Obviously someone other than the students is. Students already pay an average amount of five to six thousand a year before purchasing textbooks. Students who do not receive scholarships resort to taking out large unsubsidized and subsidized loans to pay for tuition, and at least $900 out of these loans goes to purchasing textbooks every year. Additionally, if a student does not drop out due to financial problems, they could potentially resort to working long hours, thus detrimentally affecting their grades and performance. This is most definitely not beneficial to the state, let alone the university or the student. If a student is forced to drop out due to their financial needs, how does that reflect on the University. This is a financial factor that definitely can be controlled by the University to prevent drop out rates. We firmly believe that action must be taken before the prices continue to get out of hand. Textbook prices are raising four times the rate of inflation. Since 1994 the cost have jumped 62 percent. The most common textbooks for college students are republished every 3 years. The cost is then raised 45 percent more than the previous textbook at a used price, and 12 percent more expensive than the previous new text. The availability of the used textbook is limited for following years. Studies showed that this new release of the textbook was only justified half the time, mostly because of a bundle wrap with a textbook, CD-ROM disc, and additional information. Publishers also charge the American student more for the textbook than students outside the states. A calculus textbook that cost 100 dollars in the United States goes for 38 dollars in the United Kingdom. A chemical principles textbook priced at 185 US dollars cost 88 dollars in the United Kingdom. An increasing amount of students and faculty are becoming more aware of this issue, and some are standing up to question the motives of publishers and ect. As well as seeing the impact high priced textbooks are having on student here in New Mexico. From a poll taken here at New Mexico State University 75 percent of student felt that textbooks were to expensive while 15 percent said they were acceptable. Over the past 25 years, the overall price of textbooks used by college students has dramatically increased throughout the United States. Aside from the statistics, the consensus about this matter is overwhelming not only by students, but also by professors and parents. It is no secret that higher education in the nation is becoming more and more exclusive as the amount of money required for it skyrockets. According to the website Inflationdata. com from 1984 to 2008 the overall inflation was 78. 47%. Contrastingly, a 2005 report from the GAO, the Government Accountability Office, showed that for the period from 1986 to 2004 the cost of tuition increased 240%. ttp://www. gao. gov/new. items/d05806. pdf Alarming enough as this is, the issue that concerns and affects us the most as â€Å"mid-way† college students, is the rate at which the price of textbooks required for classes is voraciously increasing. Additional findings, like the ones made by Charles Pekow, illustrate how due to auxiliary products accompanying the books such as: CD-ROMs, solution manuals, website passkeys, and others; the price of textbooks is actually increasing faster than tuition. (http://diverseeducation. om/article/4852/) A study by the California Student Public Interest Research Group states that the practice of â€Å"bundling† books with non-required materials rose 21 percent between consecutive editions. (http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-dyn/articles/A30151-2004Sep17. html) In 2004, the textbook industry accounted for more than $6 billion in the United States alone (National Assoc. of College Stores). The students who suffer the most due to the rising cost, are often community college and public universities Associate Degree seeking ones. This is because they tend to be from a low-income sphere and therefore attend schools with the lowest tuition. According to James V. Koch, a professor of economics and president emeritus at Old Dominium University, most professors do not know the cost of the textbook they recommend or require, thus causing the demand for such to be â€Å"price inelastic†. Furthermore, he argues how universities become passive accomplices to high book prices, as they tend to earn more money as students spend more on textbooks; thanks to their bookstore contracts. After discussing several factors on how companies drive the prices of textbooks up in his article, he finishes by adding: â€Å"If that doesn’t work, they’ll bring out a new edition and with the help of bookstores, render obsolete the old copies. † Which leads us to the ultimate gimmick, a highly obnoxious one, and common nowadays among the industry. A 2004 study by the California Student Public Interest Research Group found that textbook publishers release new editions every 3. 8 years on average, regardless of changes in information and/or problems with the textbooks context. Furthermore, of the textbooks surveyed in such study, it was found that new editions cost $58. 00 more than the older version. This puzzles us as students as we find it absurd that books on well-established, centuries-old disciplines such as calculus, electricity/ magnetism, history and such; need to be updated every 40 or so months. When we talked about the high price of textbooks with people, whether 5 or 20 years older than us, they all had the same view. They agreed that what we pay currently for a textbook is â€Å"insane†. So evidence suggests that textbook publishers are simply pursuing greater profit margins now than they did in the past. Several decades ago, the market used to be dominated by reasonable textbook companies that we assume, really cared about scholarly texts, and not so much about being uncontrollably profitable. Naturally they would seek some line of profit, but in the past, such line could be comfortable and modest thus satisfying the owners/directors. However, today’s market is significantly different. Now, traditional textbook companies have been bought up by gigantic conglomerates, which are plainly concerned about obtaining massive profits. This is dangerous and needs to be acted upon, otherwise textbooks will continue to turn into â€Å"one more† product line, just like toilet paper or tires or shoes, on which to profit out of. An additional remark that can be make is the fact that many formerly independent textbook companies are being bought up and merged under the same corporate umbrella, which in turn reduces competition, therefore hindering Adam Smith’s â€Å"invisible hand†. We created and conducted a survey and gave it to college students, we asked them various questions about their opinions on the current state of textbook pricing. When we asked students what is the most you have spent on an individual textbook to date 59. 1% of those surveyed said the textbook cost them over 200 dollars. Additionally we asked how much money they had spent on textbooks this semester and 45. 5% of the student surveyed said they have spent 400 to 500+ dollars plus in textbooks (Figure1). Over a student’s college career this could add up to around 4000 dollars, which could be two extra semesters worth of tuition at a school like New Mexico State University. When this money for textbooks is paid for with student loans at the current federal subsidized rate of 5. 6% according to the U. S. Department of Education’s web site (2010) this 4000 dollars in books will earn roughly around an additional 900 dollars in interest at the end of 4 years. Figure 1: Amount Spent on Textbooks Survey Results: How do students typically pay for their books. Our survey found that about 59. % pay for books with their own personal savings and additionally 27. 3% use a combination of personal savings and federal and private loans to pay for textbooks. With this we then asked students if they thought their textbooks came with unnecessary supplemental materials such as cd-roms, online access codes, etc and an astonishing 85. 7% of those surveyed said yes. The Government Accountabil ity Office (2005) report found this to be true as well. Regulators working for the Government Accountability Office spoke with publishers who said prices have increased due to the additional supplemental materials. With this in mind students may become more apt to get jobs and or take out more loans to pay for college. With loans and the cost of both books and college tuition exceeding the rate of inflation every year students are faced with more and more debt every year which contribute to drop out rates and low grades. A study by the Government Accountability Office (2005) found that the costs of textbooks exceeded the rate of inflation two times and prices of textbooks have been rising at about six percent a year ( para. 1 p. ) There may be relief to the problem of increasing textbook prices according to an article in Diverse Issues in Higher Education (July 2010) the 2008 Higher Education Opportunity Act which took effect July 1, 2010 would make publishers provide more information to colleges about pricing before book selection and would put restrictions on bundling books with the additional supplemental materials. This in effect would help students find alternatives to the exploitation of the textbook market. A solution that has been increasingly popular has been textbook rentals. For example the book Technical Communication Today (3rd Edition) is available from the New Mexico State University Book store (Barnes Noble) new for $77. 15 or used for $55. 55. You can purchase this book for as low as $49. 00 on amazon. com. This same book is available from chegg. com for $33. 59 a semester, and from campusbookrentals. com for $36. 24 per semester. These rental sites may be a good alternative to buying pricy textbooks but for some websites various editions and selection can be somewhat limited. According to (Salazar, 2010) despite solutions and legislation that has been enacted to help curb the prices and give students more choices, the selection of books is decided ultimately by college faculty and the prices are set by the publishers. There are possible solutions that could be implemented by New Mexico community colleges and universities to help make textbooks more affordable to students. Faculty should consider possible alternatives available such as custom editions of books tailored to universities and unbundled books as well as digital editions. Universities should consider book trading events and swaps as possibilities and alternatives to buying books. Universities and colleges should also consider the use of â€Å"older† editions of books for fields and classes that do not change much between editions such as mathematics, chemistry and physics. It must be ultimately realized that the most up to date information can be taught from the use of peer reviewed academic journals to show latest discoveries and findings in certain fields rather than relying on information condensed in these pricy textbooks. There may be relief to the problem of increasing textbook prices according to an article in Diverse Issues in Higher Education (July 2010) the 2008 Higher Education Opportunity Act which took effect July 1, 2010 would make publishers provide more information to colleges about pricing before book selection and would put restrictions on bundling books with the additional supplemental materials. This in effect would help students find alternatives to the exploitation of the textbook market. Five companies publish nearly 80% of college textbooks (Thomson, McGraw-Hill, Houghton-Mifflin, Wiley, and Pearson). There are four major wholesalers that dominate the market and own or operate some college bookstores: Follet, Barnes and Noble, Nebraska Book Company, and College Bookstores of America. These companies are very active with unused and used books. For example, they can typically buy unneeded new books from bookstores for 15%-25% of the original cost and resell them for about 50% of the original cost In December of 2008, the NMSU bookstore was sold to Barnes N Noble. The store is a privately owned company that has locations across universities around the United States, as well as an online store. Luckily, the students of New Mexico State University have a second option, witch is an off campus bookstore and has a lower prices for textbooks to compete with Barnes Noble’s prices. â€Å"A book that the bookstore is selling for $180, I would normally sell for $120,† said Miller, who is a general manager at the off campus bookstore. Textbook sales are profited by more than just the retailer store supplying them even though they take 40% of each sale. Publishers take between 45%-55% plus the author’s royalty’s, which is 8% to 15%, and then the distributor gains 10% off sales. So on a book that cost $27. 95, the retailer would make $12. 58(45%) author royalties make $4. 19(15%) the wholesaler would make $2. 80(10%). Publishing breaks down to pre-production at $3. 55(12. 7%) printing at $2. 83(10. 125%) and marketing at $2(7. 15%), which totals $8. 38 and a total of 30%. Now considering that a textbook cost much more than $28. 00 and sells more than one textbook, these profiteers make a significant amount. In 2008, college book sales reached 4. 3 billion dollars, meaning the people who profit off textbooks aren’t doing so badly. Obviously, it cost money to create a book, but one reason these book prices are raising is because of quality of paper and illustrations used. Hard back or soft back books makes a difference in cost. Considering that books are reprinted every 3 to 4 years, it seems that making a less quality book could work perfectly fine. The feeling of cracking a new book open is one of the many pleasures enjoyed by students who still buy paper books. Paper book buyers are becoming a dying breed. The book industry, like the movie and music industries, has changed greatly with the advent of new technologies like the Kindle, and the iPad. Applications that make electronic digitized versions of almost any book available at your fingertips. The e-book is lighter and cheaper, and since it is paperless, it is also awfully environmentally sociable. For students in particular, more and more textbooks are being made available in this electronic format, and at times saves students as much as 70% off the price of the textbook. One downside of this is that you cant re-sell e-books. However, being cheaper and not taking up shelf space, you may not be so desperate to get rid of them. One thing that cannot be overlooked is e-book piracy. This is likely to increase exponentially as more students buy e-readers, and look for the cheapest way to up load textbooks. The music industrys history with piracy will be repeated as piracy is becoming more widespread with students. Book publishing houses are forced to come up with better models of distribution, like cheaper prices for textbooks. One Web site, Textbook Torrents, promises more than 5,000 textbooks for download in PDF format, complete with the original books layouts and full-color illustrations. Users must simply set up a free account and download a free software program that uses a popular peer-to-peer system called Bit Torrent. Other book-download sites are even easier to use, offering digital books at the click of a mouse. In the article On the Web, a Textbook Proliferation of Piracy the author Young consults a creator of a piracy textbook website â€Å"The founder of the site, who asked to remain anonymous for fear of legal action against him, said in an interview that he considers his actions civil disobedience against the monopolistic business practices of textbook publishers. He said he views the 64,000 registered users of his textbook-download site as votes against a system that charges students too much and continually raises prices. †(Young 2008)Whatever they come up with, it needs to be done soon so students can avoid high prices without having to become an internet pirate and repeat of the ridiculous litigation. Students also are sharing textbooks with classmates to save money on textbooks. All a student needs to do is establish a study group, total the amount of money needed for textbooks for one student, and have everyone in the study group pitch in the same amount of money needed for the books, and procure one copy of each required book. The next step would be to distribute the book in a way so that everyone in the study group gets a copy of the textbook. Electronic version of textbooks can also be purchased, copied and then emailed to classmates. Some digital photographs of physical textbooks have even been found on the internet, then made copies of those files and electronically transfer the scans or photographs to classmates. Sharing textbooks is a very straightforward approach to solve the problem. Just like prescription medicine is cheaper internationally, textbooks are much cheaper internationally than in the US. An International Edition Textbook is simply the international counterpart to a US Edition. Most international editions have slightly different covers and many have different ISBNs on the outside covers (although some have the same ISBN as the US edition on the nside), but are still printed on high-quality paper. Renting is a tempting option for the reason that many textbooks depreciate quickly or become difficult to sell after professors discontinue using them or publishers release new editions. In the article, Renting can cut textbook costs, it gives a valuable percentage, â€Å"With the annual cost of buying college textbooks averaging $1,000, a growing number of college bookstores, publishers and online providers are offering students the chance to rent out their books at a savings of as much as 70%, according to The Wall Street Journal. (Diverse Issues in Higher Education 2009) Renting textbooks is a way for students to obtain the book they require at cheaper price, and without the negative possibility of their textbooks becoming worthless by the end of the semester. In the last few years there has been an increase in online businesses that have started to rent out textbooks, this makes it very convenient and also cost efficient for students at any university. Piracy of e-books, sharing textbooks with classmates, students buying international books and renting textbooks, are several of the tactics being used by students to try and combat unreasonable textbook prices. With our economy today students are usually living from pay check to pay check, money is tight which in turn causes the tendencies of students trying to save as much money as they can, and if that means pirating a textbook, sharing, renting or buying internationally, is cheaper then students don’t hesitate. Textbooks enclose numerous positive effects on the academic lives of students. Unfortunately, this may affect the student’s life finically as well. The ease in finding information relevant to studies is its primary benefit to readers. Along with this, the ability to add side notes or highlight key points makes textbooks a great study guide. For students who are self-motivated and wish to integrate textbook work with other sources, the companion websites, DVDs, workbooks and other supplements offered in addition to most textbooks give students additional methods to learn the same information. Furthermore, the ability to review what is learned in any course using the textbook in conjunction with other course materials makes this an invaluable tool in any educational setting. While often seen as a one-time-only tool, textbooks also provide an acceptable reference for most academic writing (for instance, term papers, essays, and thesis), and may be resold online or at the campus bookstore. Some textbooks can also be returned without charge if borrowed from the campus library. All these benefits are negated if it is unaffordable to the student. Why should the student have to immediately sell the textbook back to the bookstore just to make ends meet? Especially, when those books could later help the students in other classes and even after college. Textbooks should be a pleasant item, not something most college students perceive to be unaffordable. Textbooks are supposed to be a tool to help students succeed. They should not to be a deciding factor in some poor college student’s career because of their ability to purchase required textbooks. New Mexico, being such a poor state should place as a very high priority to safeguard and regulate the state’s educational institution and ensure college students do not have to pay an unreasonable amount for their books just so a bookstore can make a 25% profit. Instructors and textbooks work together to enhance student comprehension of course materials. The difficulty level of the information provided inside a textbook increases gradually, making retention of key points easier. Since chapters from the book are usually presented as course topics, textbooks also make it easier for instructors to organize tests and structure lectures and classroom activities. As new editions are published, new insight to old topics is provided, in order to keep readers current with new technologies and other findings related to the subject matter. The more students understand about a subject, the more effective lectures and other course-related activities tend to be. College administrators should work closely with instructors to ensure that students have access to all necessary textbooks. If New Mexico can make it easier for a student to afford textbooks, students will not find as many obstacles as they currently do to graduate college and succeed. New Mexico State provides many benefits to the city of Las Cruces. When there are more students enrolled at NMSU it has a positive affect on the cities economy. For instance, the students who decide to live off campus are beneficial to the real estate market. Apartment owners are more likely to fill their complexes when more students attend the university. Homeowners also are more prone to rent out their houses during the academic school year. Coldwell Banker reality found that more parents are buying homes instead of paying rent fees for their student. More then half of their realtors are seeing purchases coming from student parents. The hotel and tourism market also is reaping the benefits provided by New Mexico State University students. When families and friends come to visit the student, hotels are able to reserve rooms for these guests. Furthermore, the restaurant industry makes a profit, from the visitors eating out for their meals. It is economically in the cities best interest to keep student enrollment high at NMSU. When NMSU loses students due to dropping out, Las Cruces essentially loses money. If students are unable to pay for college expenses, drop out rates will increase. New Mexico State University and other New Mexico colleges will see a negative affect financially. It is very simple, less students’ equals less money for the university. Universities should be working to keep students, and increase enrollment; by doing so the university will obviously be making more money. Lowering the cost of textbooks will make college more affordable for students, benefitting the students, city, and university. Below is a table that displays the expenses for an out of state student, and an in state student. Undergraduate In-State Budget For NMSU DescriptionCost Tuition and Fees$5,400 Room and Board$8,038 Books and Supply$1,038 Personal Expenses $2,253 Transportation Expenses$1,734 Total$18,463 Undergraduate Out-of- State Budget for NMSU DescriptionCost Tuition and Fees$16,680 Room and Board$8,038 Books and Supply$1,038 Personal Expenses $2,253 Transportation Expenses$1,734 Total$29,743 The high cost of textbooks is an extensively deliberated problem without a popular solution. To ease the burden of textbook prices on students, we propose firm requirements for colleges and publishers to have regulations and legislation concerning the cost of textbooks. Textbooks are a significant piece of the overall expense in higher education and must be regulated. When it comes to education we cannot let profit be a factor in obtaining an education at a public University. Publishers should have to promote conventional textbooks, which are repeatedly economical, and unbundle materials like workbooks and CD’s that are normally wrapped up with textbooks, which increase the cost, even more. They should have to make their textbooks wholesale prices. Make transparent the revision dates of earlier editions, and a summary of the significant content revisions. Make available supplementary formats, such as e-books, paperback books or unbound books in which products are available in all. There is a National Higher Education Opportunity Act that was put into action July 1, 2010 that does implementing a few of this regulation on colleges and publishers. In the article Results for Students may see some gains through new textbook rules: rules provide greater transparency on pricing and restrict publishers from bundling books with supplemental materials. The author Dervarics writes â€Å"With college textbooks costing an estimated average of $900 a year, student and consumer groups say new federal rules taking effect this summer could generate savings for low-income students in the years ahead. †(Dervarics 2010) the article information on the act is a good start to the solution to this problem. Colleges should have to include lists of the necessary and recommended materials for each course in their published catalogs. Also Professors should be required to make reading lists available in time for students to shop around and find the most affable price. In addition the institute should set up advisory committees focusing on textbook expenses to try and create campus specific solutions and publicize heavily on the options that student have in finding textbooks. Students if educated and informed properly would then have plenty of options in finding the proper textbook materials needed to do well. If Publishers and Colleges can give their target consumer (College Students) what they want which is affordable and reasonable priced textbooks, it would help to create a more attainable cost for higher education, affording more students the ability to attend, become more successful in class and obtaining a college degree. In conclusion there are many solutions to the problem of rising textbook costs. Some obvious solutions to the rising prices are the elimination of supplemental materials such as CD-ROMS and access codes which have been deemed unessential by many college students. More can be done in the way of regulating industry practices, like making edits and â€Å"new† material in books more transparent to the consumer. Regulations must be put in place to control prices of books to improve fair profits. We would like colleges and universities to consider options like custom editions priced lower, and things like non-profit bookstores introduced to campuses to insure fair pricing. By lowering textbook prices public institutions become more attractive to both parents and students. More options such as rental websites and rental facilities at college bookstores should be available to students. Regulation must be made to insure that bookstores do not put profits in front of educational success. By making these books more affordable we may be able to lower college dropout rates and help reduce student loan debt for college students. By doing this we may be able to help stimulate the economy by reducing graduate debts and enabling these students to secure credit to buy homes, vehicles, and other property. This will bring the state more money in taxes and improve the lives of students. We must lower textbook costs and regulate the money hungry practices of the publishing industry.